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U.S. EX REL. BUNK v. GOSSELIN WORLD WIDE MOVING, N.V.

Nos. 12-1369, 12-1417, 12-1494.

741 F.3d 390 (2013)

UNITED STATES ex rel. Kurt BUNK; United States ex rel. Ray Ammons, Plaintiffs-Appellants, and United States of America, Intervenor/Plaintiff-Intervenor, and United States ex rel. Daniel Heuser, Plaintiff, v. GOSSELIN WORLD WIDE MOVING, N.V.; Gosselin Group N.V.; Marc Smet, Defendants-Appellees, and Birkart Globistics GMBH & Co. Logistik Und Service Kg; The Pasha Group; Ito Mobel Transport GMBH; Andreas Christ Spedition & Mobel-transport GMBH; John Does 1-100; American Mopac International; Doe Defendants; Gateways International; Allied Freight Forwarders; North American Van Lines, Incorporated; Global Worldwide Incorporated; Air Land Forwarders Suddath; Covan International; Jet Forwarding Incorporated; Arpin International; Birkart Globistics AG; Thiel Logistik AG, a/k/a Logwin AG; Viktoria Schafer Internationale Spedition GMBH; Viktoria Schafer International Spedition GMBH; Viktoria-SKS Kurt Schafer Internationale GMBH & Co., Kg; Gillen & Garcon GMBH & Co. Internationale Spedition Kg; Gillen & Garcon GMBH & Co. Kg; M.T.S. Holding & Verwaltungs GMBH, d/b/a M.T.S. Gruppe; Andreas Christ GMBH; Michael Villinger; Erwin Weyand; Nicodemus Gosselin; Dieter Schmekel; Horst Baur; Kurt Schafer; Martina Schafer; John Doe Defendants; Birkart Vermogensverwaltung GMBH; Logwin Air + Ocean Deutschland GMBH; Logwin Holding Deutschland GMBH; Jurgen Graf; Missy Donnelly; George Pasha; American Mopac International, Incorporated; American Shipping Incorporated; Cartwright International Van Lines Incorporated; Jim Hahn; International Shippers Association Incorporated; Gosselin World Wide Moving GMBH; Viktoria International Spedition; Government Logistics N.V.; Gateways International Incorporated, Defendants. Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America; Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Amici Supporting Appellees, Taxpayers Against Fraud Education Fund, Amicus Supporting Appellants. United States ex rel. Kurt Bunk; United States ex rel. Ray Ammons, Plaintiffs-Appellees, and United States of America, Intervenor/Plaintiff-Appellee, and United States ex rel. Daniel Heuser, Plaintiff, v. Gosselin World Wide Moving, N.V.; Gosselin Group N.V.; Marc Smet, Defendants-Appellants, and Viktoria International Spedition; Government Logistics N.V.; Birkart Globistics GMBH & Co. Logistik Und Service Kg; The Pasha Group; Ito Mobel Transport GMBH; Andreas Christ Spedition & Mobeltransport GMBH; John Does 1-100; American Mopac International; Doe Defendants; Gateways International; Allied Freight Forwarders; North American Van Lines, Incorporated; Global Worldwide Incorporated; Air Land Forwarders Suddath; Covan International; Jet Forwarding Incorporated; Arpin International; Birkart Globistics AG; Thiel Logistik AG, a/k/a Logwin AG; Viktoria Schafer Internationale Spedition GMBH; Viktoria-SKS Kurt Schafer Internationale GMBH & Co., Kg; Gillen & Garcon GMBH & Co. Internationale Spedition Kg; M.T.S. Holding & Verwaltungs GMBH, d/b/a M.T.S. Gruppe; Andreas Christ GMBH; Michael Villinger; Erwin Weyand; Nicodemus Gosselin; Dieter Schmekel; Jurgen Graf; Horst Baur; Kurt Schafer; Martina Schafer; John Doe Defendants; Birkart Vermogensverwaltung GMBH; Logwin Air + Ocean Deutschland GMBH; Logwin Holding Deutschland GMBH; Missy Donnelly; George Pasha; American Mopac International, Incorporated; American Shipping Incorporated; Cartwright International Van Lines Incorporated; Jim Hahn; International Shippers Association Incorporated; Gateways International Incorporated; Gosselin World Wide Moving GMBH, Defendants. Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America; Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Amici Supporting Appellants, Taxpayers Against Fraud Education Fund, Amicus Supporting Appellees. United States of America, Intervenor/Plaintiff-Appellant, and United States ex rel. Daniel Heuser; United States ex rel. Kurt Bunk; United States ex rel. Ray Ammons, Plaintiffs, v. Gosselin World Wide Moving, N.V.; Gosselin Group N.V.; Marc Smet, Defendants-Appellees, and Birkart Globistics GMBH & Co. Logistik Und Service Kg; The Pasha Group; Ito Mobel Transport GMBH; Andreas Christ Spedition & Mobeltransport GMBH; John Does 1-100; American Mopac International; Doe Defendants; Gateways International; Allied Freight Forwarders; North American Van Lines, Incorporated; Global Worldwide Incorporated; Air Land Forwarders Suddath; Covan International; Jet Forwarding Incorporated; Arpin International; Birkart Globistics AG; Thiel Logistik AG, a/k/a Logwin AG; Viktoria Schafer Internationale Spedition GMBH; Viktoria-SKS Kurt Schafer Internationale GMBH & Co., Kg; Gillen & Garcon GMBH & Co. Internationale Spedition Kg; M.T.S. Holding & Verwaltungs GMBH, d/b/a M.T.S. Gruppe; Andreas Christ GMBH; Michael Villinger; Erwin Weyand; Nicodemus Gosselin; Dieter Schmekel; Jurgen Graf; Horst Baur; Kurt Schafer; Martina Schafer; John Doe Defendants; Birkart Vermogensverwaltung GMBH; Logwin Air + Ocean Deutschland GMBH; Logwin Holding Deutschland GMBH; Missy Donnelly; George Pasha; American Mopac International, Incorporated; American Shipping Incorporated; Cartwright International Van Lines Incorporated; Jim Hahn; International Shippers Association Incorporated; Gateways International Incorporated; Gosselin World Wide Moving GMBH; Government Logistics N.V.; Viktoria International Spedition, Defendants. Chamber of Commerce of the United States Of America; Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Amici Supporting Appellees, Taxpayers Against Fraud Education Fund, Amicus Supporting Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided: December 19, 2013.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: Michael T. Anderson , Murphy Anderson PLLC, for United States ex rel. Kurt Bunk, United States ex rel. Ray Ammons, and United States ex rel. Daniel Heuser. Kerri L. Ruttenberg , Jones Day, Washington, D.C., for Gosselin World Wide Moving, N.V., Gosselin Group N.V., and Marc Smet. Jeffrey Clair , United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Intervenor. ON BRIEF: Richard E. Greenberg , John E. Petite , Greensfelder, Hemker & Gale, P.C., St. Louis, Missouri; Ann Lugbill , Mark Hanna , Michelle L. Woolley , Murphy Anderson PLLC, Washington, D.C., for United States ex rel. Kurt Bunk, United States ex rel. Ray Ammons, and United States ex rel. Daniel Heuser. Shay Dvoretzky , Jones Day, Washington, D.C., for Gosselin World Wide Moving, N.V., Gosselin Group N.V., and Marc Smet. James M. Spears , Melissa B. Kimmel , PHRMA, Washington, D.C.; David W. Ogden , Jonathan G. Cedarbaum , Nicole Ries Fox , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., for Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Robin S. Conrad , Rachel Brand, National Chamber Litigation Center, Inc., Washington, D.C.; M. Miller Baker , McDermott Will & Emery LLP, Washington, D.C.; Joshua Buchman , Peter Schutzel , McDermott Will & Emery LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Kristin L. Amerling , Cleveland Lawrence III , Taxpayers Against Fraud Education Fund, Washington, D.C.; Colette G. Matzzie , Claire M. Sylvia , Phillips & Cohen, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Taxpayers Against Fraud Education Fund. Neil H. MacBride , United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, Stuart F. Delery , Acting Assistant Attorney General, Michael S. Raab , United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Intervenor.

No. 12-1417 affirmed; No. 12-1369 affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions; and No. 12-1494 vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge KING wrote the opinion, in which Judge THACKER joined. Judge SHEDD wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.

KING, Circuit Judge:

These appeals and cross-appeal are taken from final judgments, entered in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), in a pair of qui tam actions consolidated for litigation in the Eastern District of Virginia. By its Order of February 14, 2012, the district court: (1) assessed a single civil penalty in the sum of $5,500 in favor of the United States, intervening in substitution of relator...

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