CONSOLIDATION COAL CO. v. GEORGIA POWER CO.

Nos. 13-1603, 13-1617, 13-1664, 13-1666.

781 F.3d 129 (2015)

CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant, v. GEORGIA POWER COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee, and Duke Energy Progress, Inc., Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc., Plaintiff, and Union Electric Company; American Electric Corporation; Town of Blackstone, Virginia; Bonner Electric, Inc.; Chevron Mining, Inc.; Cohen and Green Salvage Company, Inc.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina and/or SMI-Owen Steel Company, Inc. and/or SMI Steel, d/b/a CMC Steel South Carolina, an Alabama Corporation operating a steel plant in Cayce, South Carolina and/or Commercial Metals Company as successors in interest to SMI Steel; Cooper Industries, Inc., as successor-in-interest for Abex Friction Products Division of Abex, Inc.; Cotter Electric Company; City of Dover, Delaware; Endicott Clay Products Company; Hagerstown Light Department; Huntsville Utilities; Jet Electric Motor Co., Inc.; Kelly Generator & Equipment, Inc. and/or Kelly Electrical Construction, Inc., f/k/a Kelly & Bishop Electrical Construction, Inc. and/or John E. Kelly & Sons Electrical Construction, Inc.; Lafarge Mid-Atlantic, LLC and/or Lafarge Mid-Atlantic, Inc. as Successor-in-Interest to OR Redland Genstar, Inc. and Genstar Stone Products, Inc.; Lewis Electric Supply Co., Inc.; City of Mascoutah, Illinois; M-P Electrical Contractors, Inc.; New Southern of Rocky Mount, Inc.; North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; P.C. Campana, Inc.; Phoenix Solutions Company, as Successor in Interest to Plasma Energy Company; Surry-Yadkin Electric Membership Corporation; Tennessee Associated Electric, Inc. or Tennessee Associated Electric, a/k/a Tennessee Associated Electric Holdings, Inc.; Ventech Engineers, Inc., and/or Ventech Process Equipment, Inc. and/or Ventech Equipment Inc. and/or The Ventech Companies; W.R. Schofield Construction Co., Inc.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina; Veolia Environmental Services Waste-to-Energy, f/k/a Montenay Power Corporation; International Power Machinery Company; 3M Company; Alcan Primary Products Corporation; Alcoa, Incorporated; American Skiing Company; Apogee Coal Company, LLC; Appalachian Power Company; Arkema, Inc., f/k/a Pennwalt Corporation; Atlantic City Electric Company; Baltimore Gas and Electric Company; BASF Corporation; Bassett Furniture Industries, Incorporated; Bayer Cropscience, Incorporated; Bedford Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Blue Ridge Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Broad River Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Bruce-Merrilees Electric Company; Buist Electric, Inc.; Cape Hatteras Electric Membership Corporation; Cargill, Incorporated; Carlisle Syntec, Incorporated; Carr and Duff, Inc.; Caterpillar, Incorporated; CBS Corporation; United States Central Intelligence Agency; United States Defense Logistics Agency; United States Department of the Army; United States Department of the Navy; United Technologies Corporation; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Virginia Electric & Power Company (VEPCO); Vulcan Construction Materials, Limited Partnership; Warren Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Wartburg College; Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission; West Penn Power Company; Weyerhaeuser Company; Central Regional Hospital; Chemical Products Corporation; Cherry Hospital; Christus Health; Cleveland Electric Company; Cogentrix Energy, LLC; Conocophillips Company; Consumers Energy; Cooper Tire & Rubber Company; CSX Residual Company; Danny Corporation; Dean's Light Box, Inc.; Delmarva Power & Light Company; Dixon Lumber Company, Incorporated; Domtar Paper Company, LLC; Dorey Electric Company; Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC; Duquesne Light Company; East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Inc.; Electric Control Equipment Co.; Electric Equipment Corporation of Virginia; Environmental Protection Services, Incorporated; Erachem Comilog, Inc.; Florida Power & Light Company; Foremost Electric & Transmission, Inc.; Frontier Communications Corporation; Furman University; G & S Motor Equipment Company, Inc.; General Electric Company; General Extrusions, Inc.; GKN Driveline North American, Inc.; Gladieux Trading & Marketing Co., LP, and/or Limited Corporation; Glenwood Resolution Authority, Inc.; Green Circle Growers, Inc.; Greenwood Mills, Incorporated; Guernsey-Muskingum Electric Cooperative Inc.; Haines and Kibblehouse, Inc.; The Holladay Corporation, a/k/a Holladay Property Services Midwest, Inc.; Hudson Light and Power Department; IES Commercial, Inc., and/or Integrated Electrical Services, Inc.; Imerys Carbonates, LLC; International Paper Company; Intertape Polymer Group, Incorporated; City of Jacksonville, Florida; Jessop Steel, LLC; Kingsport Power Company; Kobe Copper Products, Inc.; Koch Industries, Incorporated; Kraft Foods Global, Incorporated; City of Lakeland, Florida; Lockwood's Electric Motor Service; Town of Louisburg, North Carolina; LWB Refractories Company; Martin Marietta Materials, Incorporated; Midamerican Energy Company; Monongahela Power Company; Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation; N.L. Industries, Inc.; Norfolk Southern Railway Company; North Carolina State University; North Georgia Electric Membership Corporation; Huntington Ingalls Incorporated; Nucor Corporation; O'Berry Neuro-Medical Center; Occidental Chemical Corporation; Pactiv Corporation; Palmetto Electric Cooperative, Inc.; PCS Phosphate Company, Incorporated; Pharmacia Corporation; Potomac Electric Power Company; PPG Industries, Incorporated; PPL Electric Utilities Corporation; Royal Street Junk Company, Inc.; Santee Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Sara Lee Corporation; Sonoco Products Company; South Central Power Company; Southland Electrical Supply, Inc.; St. Joseph Medical Center, Inc.; Sumter Electric Cooperative, Incorporated, a/k/a Seco Energy; T and R Electric Supply Company, Inc.; Tennessee Electro Minerals, Inc.; Tennessee Valley Authority; Trap Rock, Inc.; Tredegar Film Products Corporation; Tri-State Armature & Electrical Works, Inc.; Unimin Corporation; Union Carbide Corporation; United States Air Force; Sales Transaction Defendants Liaison; Johnson/Kerner Liaison Group, Defendants, and Barnes & Powell Electrical Company, Inc.; Trinity Industries, Incorporated; Georgia-Pacific, LLC; Melinz Rebar, Inc.; Babson College; Villanova University; Batesville Casket Company, Incorporated; Bay Mechanical & Electrical Corporation; Cemex Construction Materials FL, LLC; City of Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Dacco Incorporated; Davis. Jerry Inc.; Delaware Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; E. Luke Greene Company, Inc.; J.C. Blair Memorial Hospital; Kerr-McGee Corporation; Magnetic Metals Corporation; Mass. Electric Construction Co.; National Railroad Passenger Corporation; Novartis Corporation; Robert Bosch LLC; Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative; Seabrook Enterprises, Inc.; St. John's College; Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare, Inc.; The North Carolina Granite Corporation; The Rouse Company, LLC; Thomasville Furniture Industries, Incorporated; Truland Corporation; UPS Ground Freight, Inc.; Villanova University in the State of Pennsylvania; Emma L. Bixby Medical Center; Gencorp, Inc.; Parker-Hannifin Corporation; Riley Power, Inc.; The National Lime and Stone Company; Timken U.S. LLC; Woodstream Corporation; Fabri-Kal Corporation; Henkels & McCoy, Inc.; Ohio Valley Medical Center, Inc.; Saint Augustine's College; Southern Alloy Corporation, Third Party Defendants. Consolidation Coal Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, and PCS Phosphate Company, Inc., Third Party Plaintiff, v. Georgia Power Company, Defendant-Appellee, and Union Electric Company; American Electric Corporation; Town of Blackstone, Virginia; Bonner Electric, Inc.; Chevron Mining, Inc., as successor-in-interest to Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina, and/or SMI Owen Steel Company, Inc., and/or SMI Steel, d/b/a CMC Steel South Carolina and/or Commercial Metals Company; Cohen and Green Salvage Company, Inc.; Cooper Industries, Inc., as successor-in-interest for Abex Friction Products Division of Abex, Inc.; Cotter Electric Company; City of Dover, Delaware; Endicott Clay Products Company; Hagerstown Light Department; Huntsville Utilities; Jet Electric Motor Co., Inc.; LaFarge Mid-Atlantic, LLC and/or LaFarge Mid-Atlantic, Inc. as Successor-in-Interest to OR Redland Genstar, Inc. and Genstar Stone Products, Inc.; Lewis Electric Supply Co., Inc.; City of Mascoutah, Illinois; M-P Electrical Contractors, Inc.; New Southern of Rocky Mount, Inc.; North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; P.C. Campana, Inc.; Phoenix Solutions Company, as successor in interest to Plasma Energy Company; Surry-Yadkin Electric Membership Corporation; Tennessee Associated Electric, Inc. or Tennessee Associated Electric, a/k/a Tennessee Associated Electric Holdings, Inc.; Ventech Engineers, Inc., and/or Ventech Process Equipment, Inc. and/or Ventech Equipment Inc. and/or The Ventech Companies; Veolia Environmental Services Waste-to-Energy, f/k/a Montenay Power Corporation; W.R. Schofield Construction Co., Inc.; Kelly Generator & Equipment, Inc. and/or Kelly Electrical Construction, Inc., f/k/a Kelly & Bishop Electrical Construction, Inc. and/or John E. Kelly & Sons Electrical Construction, Inc.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina; 3M Company; Alcan Primary Products Corporation; Alcoa, Incorporated; American Skiing Company; Apogee Coal Company, L.L.C.; Appalachian Power Company; Arkema, Inc.; Atlantic City Electric Company; Baltimore Gas and Electric Company; BASF Corporation; Bayer Cropscience, Incorporated; Bedford Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Blue Ridge Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Broad River Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Bruce-Merrilees Electric Company; Buist Electric, Inc.; Cape Hatteras Electric Membership Corporation; Cargill, Incorporated; Carlisle Syntec, Incorporated; Duke Energy Progress, Inc.; Carr and Duff, Inc.; Caterpillar, Incorporated; CBS Corporation; Central Regional Hospital; Chemical Products Corporation; Cherry Hospital; Christus Health; Cleveland Electric Company; Cogentrix Energy, LLC; Conocophillips Company; Consumers Energy Company; Cooper Tire & Rubber Company; Csx Residual Company; Danny Corporation; Dean's Light Box, Inc.; Delmarva Power & Light Company; Dixon Lumber Company, Incorporated; Domtar Paper Company, LLC; Dorey Electric Company; Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC; Duquesne Light Company; East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Inc.; Electric Control Equipment Co.; Electric Equipment Corporation of Virginia; Environmental Protection Services, Incorporated; Erachem Comilog, Inc.; Florida Power & Light Company; Foremost Electric & Transmission, Inc.; Frontier Communications Corporation; Furman University; G & S Motor Equipment Company, Inc.; General Electric Company; General Extrusions, Inc.; GKN Driveline North American, Inc.; Glenwood Resolution Authority, Inc.; Green Circle Growers, Inc.; Greenwood Mills, Incorporated; Guernsey-Muskingum Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Haines and Kibblehouse, Inc.; Hudson Light and Power Department; Imerys Carbonates, LLC; International Power Machinery Company; International Paper Company; Intertape Polymer Group, Incorporated; Kingsport Power Company; Kobe Copper Products, Inc.; Koch Industries, Incorporated; Kraft Foods Global, Incorporated; City of Lakeland, Florida; Lockwood's Electric Motor Service; Town of Louisburg, North Carolina; Lwb Refractories Company; Martin Marietta Materials, Incorporated; MidAmerican Energy Company; Monongahela Power Company; Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, d/b/a National Grid; NL Industries, Inc.; Norfolk Southern Railway Company; North Georgia Electric Membership Corporation; Nucor Corporation; O'berry Neuro-Medical Center; Occidental Chemical Corporation; Pactiv Corporation; Palmetto Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Pharmacia Corporation; Potomac Electric Power Company; PPL Electric Utilities Corporation; Royal Street Junk Company, Inc.; Santee Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Sara Lee Corporation, d/b/a Hillshire Farms; Sonoco Products Company; South Central Power Company; Southland Electrical Supply, Inc.; St. Joseph Medical Center, Inc.; Sumter Electric Cooperative, Incorporated, d/b/a Seco Energy; T and R Electric Supply Company, Inc.; Tennessee Electro-Minerals, Inc.; Tennessee Valley Authority; Trap Rock, Inc.; Tredegar Film Products Corporation; Tri-State Armature & Electrical Works, Inc.; Unimin Corporation; Union Carbide Corporation; United States Defense Logistics Agency; United States Department of The Army; United States Department of The Navy; Virginia Electric & Power Company; Vulcan Construction Materials, L.P.; Warren Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Wartburg College; Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission; Weyerhaeuser Company; West Penn Power Company; Sales Transaction Defendants Liaison; Villanova University in The State of Pennsylvania; Huntington Ingalls Incorporated; Johnson/Kerner Liaison Group; Wheelabrator Technologies, Incorporated, Celanese Corporation, The Central Intelligence Agency, Gladieux Trading & Marketing Company, L.P., Holladay Property Services Midwest, Inc., Integrated Electrical Services, Inc., Jessop Steel Company, North Carolina State University is A Constituent of The University of North Carolina, Peace College of Raleigh, Inc., United States Department of The Air Force, United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, A Constituent Institution of The University of North Carolina and Power Machinery Company, Defendants, and Trinity Industries, Incorporated; Villanova University; Babson College; Barnes & Powell Electrical Company, Inc.; Batesville Casket Company, Incorporated; Bay Mechanical & Electrical Corporation; Cemex Construction Materials FL, LLC; City of Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Dacco Incorporated; Davis. Jerry Inc.; Delaware Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; E. Luke Greene Company, Inc.; Fabri-Kal Corporation; Henkels & McCoy, Inc.; IES Commercial, Inc., and/or Integrated Electrical Services, Inc.; J.C. Blair Memorial Hospital; Kerr-McGee Corporation; Magnetic Metals Corporation; Mass. Electric Construction Co.; Melinz Rebar, Inc.; National Railroad Passenger Corporation; Novartis Corporation; Ohio Valley Medical Center, Inc.; Robert Bosch LLC; Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative; Saint Augustine's College; Seabrook Enterprises, Inc.; Southern Alloy Corporation; St. John's College; Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare, Inc.; The North Carolina Granite Corporation; The Rouse Company, LLC; Thomasville Furniture Industries, Incorporated; Truland Corporation; UPS Ground Freight, Inc.; Gencorp, Inc.; Parker-Hannifin Corporation; The National Lime and Stone Company; Timken U.S. LLC; Woodstream Corporation; Emma L. Bixby Medical Center; Riley Power, Inc., Third Party Defendants. PCS Phosphate Company, Inc., Defendant-Appellant, v. Georgia Power Company, Defendant-Appellee, and Duke Energy Progress, Inc., d/b/a Progress Energy Carolinas, Incorporated, Plaintiff, and Union Electric Company; American Electric Corporation; Town of Blackstone, Virginia; Bonner Electric, Inc.; Chevron Mining, Inc., as Successor-in-Interest to Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company; Cohen and Green Salvage Company, Inc.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina and/or SMI-Owen Steel Company, Inc. and/or SMI Steel, d/b/a CMC Steel South Carolina, An Alabama Corporation Operating a Steel Plant in Cayce, South Carolina and/or Commercial Metals Company as Successors in Interest to SMI Steel; Cooper Industries, Inc., as Successor-in-Interest for Abex Friction Products Division of Abex, Inc.; Cotter Electric Company; City of Dover, Delaware; Endicott Clay Products Company; Hagerstown Light Department; Huntsville Utilities; Jet Electric Motor Co., Inc.; Kelly Generator & Equipment, Inc. and/or Kelly Electrical Construction, Inc., f/k/a Kelly & Bishop Electrical Construction, Inc. and/or John E. Kelly & Sons Electrical Construction, Inc.; Lafarge Mid-Atlantic, LLC and/or Lafarge Mid-Atlantic, Inc. As Successor-in-Interest to OR Redland Genstar, Inc. and Genstar Stone Products, Inc.; Lewis Electric Supply Co., Inc.; City of Mascoutah, Illinois; M-P Electrical Contractors, Inc.; New Southern of Rocky Mount, Inc.; North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; P.C. Campana, Inc.; Phoenix Solutions Company, as Successor in Interest to Plasma Energy Company; Surry-Yadkin Electric Membership Corporation; Tennessee Associated Electric, Inc. or Tennessee Associated Electric, a/k/a Tennessee Associated Electric Holdings, Inc.; Ventech Engineers, Inc., and/or Ventech Process Equipment, Inc. and/or Ventech Equipment Inc. and/or The Ventech Companies; W.R. Schofield Construction Co., Inc.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina; Veolia Environmental Services Waste-to-Energy, f/k/a Montenay Power Corporation; International Power Machinery Company; 3M Company; Alcan Primary Products Corporation; Alcoa, Incorporated; American Skiing Company; Apogee Coal Company, LLC; Appalachian Power Company; Arkema, Inc., f/k/a Pennwalt Corporation; Atlantic City Electric Company; Baltimore Gas and Electric Company; BASF Corporation; Bassett Furniture Industries, Incorporated; Bayer Cropscience, Incorporated; Bedford Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Blue Ridge Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Broad River Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Bruce-Merrilees Electric Company; Buist Electric, Inc.; Cape Hatteras Electric Membership Corporation; Cargill, Incorporated; Carlisle Syntec, Incorporated; Carr and Duff, Inc.; Caterpillar, Incorporated; CBS Corporation; United States Central Intelligence Agency; United States Defense Logistics Agency; United States Department of The Army; United States Department of The Navy; United Technologies Corporation; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO); Vulcan Construction Materials, Limited Partnership; Warren Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Wartburg College; Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission; West Penn Power Company; Weyerhaeuser Company; Central Regional Hospital; Chemical Products Corporation; Cherry Hospital; Christus Health; Cleveland Electric Company; Cogentrix Energy, LLC; Conocophillips Company; Consolidation Coal Company; Consumers Energy Company; Cooper Tire & Rubber Company; CSX Residual Company; Danny Corporation; Dean's Light Box, Inc.; Delmarva Power & Light Company; Dixon Lumber Company, Incorporated; Domtar Paper Company, LLC; Dorey Electric Company; Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC; Duquesne Light Company; East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Inc.; Electric Control Equipment Co.; Electric Equipment Corporation of Virginia; Environmental Protection Services, Incorporated; Erachem Comilog, Inc.; Florida Power & Light Company; Foremost Electric & Transmission, Inc.; Frontier Communications Corporation; Furman University; G & S Motor Equipment Company, Inc.; General Electric Company; General Extrusions, Inc.; GKN Driveline North American, Inc.; Gladieux Trading & Marketing Co., LP, and/or Limited Corporation; Glenwood Resolution Authority, Inc.; Green Circle Growers, Inc.; Greenwood Mills, Incorporated; Guernsey-Muskingum Electric Cooperative Inc.; Haines and Kibblehouse, Inc.; The Holladay Corporation, a/k/a Holladay Property Services Midwest, Inc.; Hudson Light and Power Department; IES Commercial, Inc., and/or Integrated Electrical Services, Inc.; Imerys Carbonates, LLC; International Paper Company; Intertape Polymer Group, Incorporated; City of Jacksonville, Florida; Jessop Steel, LLC; Kingsport Power Company; Kobe Copper Products, Inc.; Koch Industries, Incorporated; Kraft Foods Global, Incorporated; City of Lakeland, Florida; Lockwood's Electric Motor Service; Town of Louisburg, North Carolina; LWB Refractories Company; Martin Marietta Materials, Incorporated; Midamerican Energy Company; Monongahela Power Company; Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation; N.L. Industries, Inc.; Norfolk Southern Railway Company; North Carolina State University; North Georgia Electric Membership Corporation; Huntington Ingalls Incorporated; Nucor Corporation; O'berry Neuro-Medical Center; Occidental Chemical Corporation; Pactiv Corporation; Palmetto Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Pharmacia Corporation; Potomac Electric Power Company; PPG Industries, Incorporated; PPL Electric Utilities Corporation; Royal Street Junk Company, Inc.; Santee Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Sara Lee Corporation; Sonoco Products Company; South Central Power Company; Southland Electrical Supply, Inc.; St. Joseph Medical Center, Inc.; Sumter Electric Cooperative, Incorporated, a/k/a Seco Energy; T and R Electric Supply Company, Inc.; Tennessee Electro Minerals, Inc.; Tennessee Valley Authority; Trap Rock, Inc.; Tredegar Film Products Corporation; Tri-State Armature & Electrical Works, Inc.; Unimin Corporation; Union Carbide Corporation; United States Air Force; Sales Transaction Defendants Liaison; Johnson/Kerner Liaison Group, Defendants, and Barnes & Powell Electrical Company, Inc.; Trinity Industries, Incorporated; Georgia-Pacific, LLC; Melinz Rebar, Inc.; Babson College; Villanova University; Batesville Casket Company, Incorporated; Bay Mechanical & Electrical Corporation; Cemex Construction Materials FL, LLC; City of Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Dacco Incorporated; Davis. Jerry Inc.; Delaware Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; E. Luke Greene Company, Inc.; Fabri-Kal Corporation; Henkels & McCoy, Inc.; J.C. Blair Memorial Hospital; Kerr-McGee Corporation; Magnetic Metals Corporation; Mass. Electric Construction Co.; National Railroad Passenger Corporation; Novartis Corporation; Ohio Valley Medical Center, Inc.; Robert Bosch LLC; Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative; Saint Augustine's College; Seabrook Enterprises, Inc.; Southern Alloy Corporation; St. John's College; Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare, Inc.; The North Carolina Granite Corporation; The Rouse Company, LLC; Thomasville Furniture Industries, Incorporated; Truland Corporation; UPS Ground Freight, Inc.; Villanova University in The State of Pennsylvania; Emma L. Bixby Medical Center; Gencorp, Inc.; Parker-Hannifin Corporation; Riley Power, Inc.; The National Lime and Stone Company; Timken U.S. LLC; Woodstream Corporation, Third Party Defendants. CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY, Plaintiff, and PCS PHOSPHATE COMPANY, INC., Defendant-Appellant, v. GEORGIA POWER COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee, and Union Electric Company; American Electric Corporation; Town of Blackstone, Virginia; Bonner Electric, Inc.; Chevron Mining, Inc., as Successor-in-Interest to Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina and/or SMI Owen Steel Company, Inc., and/or SMI Steel, d/b/a CMC Steel South Carolina and/or Commercial Metals Company; Cohen and Green Salvage Company, Inc.; Cooper Industries, Inc., as Successor-in-Interest for Abex Friction Products Division of Abex, Inc.; Cotter Electric Company; City of Dover, Delaware; Endicott Clay Products Company; Hagerstown Light Department; Huntsville Utilities; Jet Electric Motor Co., Inc.; Lafarge Mid-Atlantic, LLC and/or Lafarge Mid-Atlantic, Inc. as Successor-in-Interest to OR Redland Genstar, Inc. and Genstar Stone Products, Inc.; Lewis Electric Supply Co., Inc.; City of Mascoutah, Illinois; M-P Electrical Contractors, Inc.; New Southern of Rocky Mount, Inc.; North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; P.C. Campana, Inc.; Phoenix Solutions Company, as Successor in Interest to Plasma Energy Company; Surry Yadkin Electric Membership Corporation; Tennessee Associated Electric, Inc. or Tennessee Associated Electric, a/k/a Tennessee Associated Electric Holdings, Inc.; Ventech Engineers, Inc., and/or Ventech Process Equipment, Inc. and/or Ventech Equipment Inc. and/or The Ventech Companies; Veolia Environmental Services Waste-to-Energy, f/k/a Montenay Power Corporation; W.R. Schofield Construction Co., Inc.; Kelly Generator & Equipment, Inc. and/or Kelly Electrical Construction, Inc., f/k/a Kelly & Bishop Electrical Construction, Inc. and/or John E. Kelly & Sons Electrical Construction, Inc.; Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina; 3M Company; Alcan Primary Products Corporation; Alcoa, Incorporated; American Skiing Company; Apogee Coal Company, L.L.C.; Appalachian Power Company; Arkema, Inc.; Atlantic City Electric Company; Baltimore Gas and Electric Company; BASF Corporation; Bayer Cropscience, Incorporated; Bedford Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Blue Ridge Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Broad River Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Bruce-Merrilees Electric Company; Buist Electric, Inc.; Cape Hatteras Electric Membership Corporation; Cargill, Incorporated; Carlisle Syntec, Incorporated; Duke Energy Progress, Inc.; Carr and Duff, Inc.; Caterpillar, Incorporated; CBS Corporation; Central Regional Hospital; Chemical Products Corporation; Cherry Hospital; Christus Health; Cleveland Electric Company; Cogentrix Energy, LLC; Conocophillips, Company; Consumers Energy Company; Cooper Tire & Rubber Company; CSX Residual Company; Danny Corporation; Dean's Light Box, Inc.; Delmarva Power & Light Company; Dixon Lumber Company, Incorporated; Domtar Paper Company, LLC; Dorey Electric Company; Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC; Duquesne Light Company; East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Inc.; Electric Control Equipment Co.; Electric Equipment Corporation of Virginia; Environmental Protection Services, Incorporated; Erachem Comilog, Inc.; Florida Power & Light Company; Foremost Electric & Transmission, Inc.; Frontier Communications Corporation; Furman University; G & S Motor Equipment Company, Inc.; General Electric Company; General Extrusions, Inc.; GKN Driveline North American, Inc.; Glenwood Resolution Authority, Inc.; Green Circle Growers, Inc.; Greenwood Mills, Incorporated; Guernsey-Muskingum Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Haines and Kibblehouse, Inc.; Hudson Light and Power Department; Imerys Carbonates, LLC; International Power Machinery Company; International Paper Company; Intertape Polymer Group, Incorporated; Kingsport Power Company; Kobe Copper Products, Inc.; Koch Industries, Incorporated; Kraft Foods Global, Incorporated; City of Lakeland, Florida; Lockwood's Electric Motor Service; Town of Louisburg, North Carolina; LWB Refractories Company; Martin Marietta Materials, Incorporated; Midamerican Energy Company; Monongahela Power Company; Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, d/b/a National Grid; N.L. Industries, Inc.; Norfolk Southern Railway Company; North Georgia Electric Membership Corporation; Nucor Corporation; O'berry Neuro-Medical Center; Occidental Chemical Corporation; Pactiv Corporation; Palmetto Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Pharmacia Corporation; Potomac Electric Power Company; PPL Electric Utilities Corporation; Royal Street Junk Company, Inc.; Santee Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Sara Lee Corporation, d/b/a Hillshire Farms; Sonoco Products Company; South Central Power Company; Southland Electrical Supply, Inc.; St. Joseph Medical Center, Inc.; Sumter Electric Cooperative, Incorporated, d/b/a Seco Energy; T and R Electric Supply Company, Inc.; Tennessee Electro-Minerals, Inc.; Tennessee Valley Authority; Trap Rock, Inc.; Tredegar Film Products Corporation; Tri-State Armature & Electrical Works, Inc.; Unimin Corporation; Union Carbide Corporation; United States Defense Logistics Agency; United States Department of The Army; United States Department of The Navy; Virginia Electric & Power Company (VEPCO); Vulcan Construction Materials, L.P.; Warren Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; Wartburg College; Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission; Weyerhaeuser Company; West Penn Power Company; Sales Transaction Defendants Liaison; Villanova University in The State of Pennsylvania; Huntington Ingalls Incorporated; Johnson/Kerner Liaison Group; Wheelabrator Technologies, Incorporated; Celanese Corporation; The Central Intelligence Agency; Gladieux Trading & Marketing Company, L.P.; Holladay Property Services Midwest, Inc.; Integrated Electrical Services, Incorporated; Jessop Steel Company, Now Known as Jessop Steel, LLC; North Carolina State University Is A Constituent of The University of North Carolina; Peace College of Raleigh, Inc.; United States Department of The Air Force; United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney Division; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, A Constituent Institution of The University of North Carolina; Power Machinery Company, Defendants, and Trinity Industries, Incorporated; Villanova University; Babson College; Barnes & Powell Electrical Company, Inc.; Batesville Casket Company, Incorporated; Bay Mechanical & Electrical Corporation; Cemex Construction Materials FL, LLC; City of Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Dacco Incorporated; Davis. Jerry Inc.; Delaware Electric Cooperative, Incorporated; E. Luke Greene Company, Inc.; Fabri-Kal Corporation; Henkels & McCoy, Inc.; IES Commercial, Inc., and/or Integrated Electrical Services, Inc.; J.C. Blair Memorial Hospital; Kerr-McGee Corporation; Magnetic Metals Corporation; Mass. Electric Construction Co.; Melinz Rebar, Inc.; National Railroad Passenger Corporation; Novartis Corporation; Ohio Valley Medical Center, Inc.; Robert Bosch LLC; Sho-Me Power Electric Cooperative; Saint Augustine's College; Seabrook Enterprises, Inc.; Southern Alloy Corporation; St. John's College; Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare, Inc.; The North Carolina Granite Corporation; The Rouse Company, LLC; Thomasville Furniture Industries, Incorporated; Truland Corporation; UPS Ground Freight, Inc.; Gencorp, Inc.; Parker-Hannifin Corporation; The National Lime and Stone Company; Timken U.S. LLC; Woodstream Corporation; Emma L. Bixby Medical Center; Riley Power, Inc., Third Party Defendants.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided: March 20, 2015.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: Daniel M. Darragh , Cohen & Grigsby, P.C., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Michael Howard Ginsberg , Jones Day, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for Appellants. Daniel S. Reinhardt , Troutman Sanders LLP, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Julie W. Vanneman , Cohen & Grigsby, P.C., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for Appellant Consolidation Coal Company. Brian J. Murray , Chicago, Illinois, Mary Beth Deemer , Jones Day, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for Appellant PCS Phosphate Company, Incorporated. Hollister A. Hill , Jaime L. Theriot , Atlanta, Georgia, Whitney S. Waldenberg , Troutman Sanders LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge AGEE wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge SHEDD joined. Judge WYNN wrote a dissenting opinion.


In the early 1980s, Georgia Power, a utility company that supplies power to most of Georgia, sold many of its used electrical transformers at auction to Ward Transformer Company ("Ward"). These electrical transformers contained insulating oil, and some of that oil contained polychlorinated biphenyls ("PCBs"), toxic compounds...

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