Michael A. NEWDOW, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Peter LEFEVRE, Law Revision Counsel; United States of America; Henry M. Paulson, Jr., Secretary of the Treasury; Henrietta Holsman Fore, Director, United States Mint; Thomas A. Ferguson, Director, Bureau of Engraving and Printing; The Congress of the United States of America, Defendants-Appellees,
Pacific Justice Institute, Defendant-Intervenor-Appellee.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Argued and Submitted December 4, 2007.
Filed March 11, 2010.
Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
Michael A. Newdow (argued), in pro per, Sacramento, CA; for the plaintiff-appellant.
Peter D. Keisler, McGregor W. Scott, Robert M. Loeb, Lowell V. Sturgill Jr. (argued), Department of Justice, Washington, DC; for defendants-appellees the United States of America et al.
Kevin T. Snider (argued), Pacific Justice Institute, Sacramento, CA; for defendant-intervenor-appellee Pacific Justice Institute.
Norman Goldman, Law Office of Norman Goldman, Los Angeles, CA; for Atheists and Other Freethinkers as Amicus Curiae in Support of plaintiff-appellant.
Edward L. White III, Thomas More Law Center, Ann Arbor, MI; for the Thomas More Law Center as Amicus Curiae in Support of the defendants-appellees.
Erik W. Stanley, Mary E. McAlister, Liberty Counsel, Lynchburg, VA; Mathew D. Staver, Anita L. Staver, Liberty Counsel, Maitland, FL; for Liberty Counsel as Amicus Curiae in Support of the defendants-appellees.
Jay Alan Sekulow, Stuart J. Roth, Colby M. May, Shannon Demos Woodruff, American Center for Law and Justice, Washington, D.C.; Douglass S. Davert, David C. Loe, Davert & Loe, Long Beach, CA; John Casoria, Law Office of John Casoria, Coto de Caza, CA; for American Center for Law and Justice et al. as Amici Curiae in Support of the defendants-appellees.
Roy S. Moore, Gregory M. Jones, Benjamin D. Dupré, Foundation for Moral Law, Montgomery, AL; for the Foundation for Moral Law as Amicus Curiae in Support of the defendants-appellees.
Gary G. Kreep, Vicki A. Rothman, D. Colette Wilson, United States Justice Foundation, Ramona, CA; for the United States Justice Foundation et al. as Amici Curiae in Support of the defendants-appellees.
Steven W. Fitschen, Barry C. Hodge, The National Legal Foundation, Virginia Beach, VA; for Wallbuilders, Inc., as Amicus Curiae in Support of the defendants-appellees.
Opinion by Judge BEA: Concurrence by Judge REINHARDT.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
BEA, Circuit Judge:
This case calls upon us to decide whether the national motto of the United States, "In God We Trust," and its inscription on the Nation's coins and currency, violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 ("RFRA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb et seq, or both. We hold our decision in Aronow v. United States,432 F.2d 242 (9th Cir.1970), forecloses...
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