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IN RE BIRMINGHAM REVERSE DISCRIMINATION EMP. LIT.

No. 92-6778.

20 F.3d 1525 (1994)

In re BIRMINGHAM REVERSE DISCRIMINATION EMPLOYMENT LITIGATION. James A. BENNETT, Plaintiff, Floyd E. Click; James D. Morgan; Joel Alan Day; Gene E. Northington; Vincent Joseph Vella; and Lane L. Denard, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross Appellees, v. Richard ARRINGTON, Jr., as Mayor of the City of Birmingham; City of Birmingham; James B. Johnson; Henry P. Johnston; and Hiram Y. McKinney, as Members of the Jefferson County Personnel Board; Joseph W. Curtin, as Director of the Jefferson County Personnel Board; and Jefferson County Personnel Board, Defendants-Appellees, John W. Martin, Major Florence, Ida McGruder, Sam Coar, Eugene Thomas, Charles Howard, Defendants-Intervenors-Appellees-Cross Appellants, United States of America, Defendant-Intervenor-Appellee. BIRMINGHAM ASSOCIATION OF CITY EMPLOYEES, an unincorporated labor association, and Kenneth O. Ware, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross-Appellees, Gerald L. Johnson; Phillip H. Whitley; David H. Woodall; Danny R. Laughlin; Marshall G. Whitson; Dudley L. Greenway, Plaintiffs, v. Richard ARRINGTON, Jr., as Mayor of the City of Birmingham; City of Birmingham; James B. Johnson; Henry P. Johnston; and Hiram Y. McKinney, as Members of the Jefferson County Personnel Board; Joseph W. Curtin, as Director of the Jefferson County Personnel Board; Jefferson County Personnel Board; and the United States of America, Defendants-Appellees, John W. Martin, Major Florence, Ida McGruder, Sam Coar, Wanda Thomas, Eugene Thomas and Charles Howard, Defendants-Intervenors-Appellees, Cross Appellants. Robert K. WILKS; Carlice E. Payne; Ronnie J. Chambers; John E. Garvich, Jr., James W. Henson; Robert Bruce Millsap, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross Appellees, United States of America, Plaintiff-Intervenor, Howard E. Pope, Charles E. Carlin, Plaintiffs-Intervenors-Appellants, v. Henry P. JOHNSTON, Defendant, John W. Martin, Major Florence, Ida McGruder, Sam Coar, Eugene Thomas and Charles Howard, Defendants-Intervenors-Appellees-Cross Appellants, Wanda Thomas, Defendant-Intervenor.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

May 4, 1994.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Raymond P. Fitzpatrick, Jr., Johnston, Barton, Proctor, Swedlaw & Naff, Birmingham, AL, for appellants.

Robert D. Joffe, Cravath, Swaine & Moore, New York City, for Martin, Florence, McGruder, Coar, Thomas and Howard.

James P. Alexander, Anne R. Yuengert, James Walker May, Bradley, Arant, Rose & White, Birmingham, AL, for Arrington and City of Birmingham.

Sharon R. Vinick, Richard T. Seymour, Lawyers' Committee For Civil Rights, Washington, DC, for Martin and others.

Rebecca K. Troth, Dept. of Justice, Appellate Section Civil Rights Div., Washington, DC, for U.S. as amicus curiae.

LaVeeda Morgan Battle, Gorham & Waldrep, P.C., Birmingham, AL, for Personnel Board of Jefferson County, AL and Board Members.

Before EDMONDSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.

BLACK, Circuit Judge:

In the latest chapter of this ongoing litigation we determine whether certain provisions of a 1981 consent decree mandating that the City of Birmingham (City) select employees for promotion based upon their race can withstand scrutiny under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. We hold that they cannot.1

I. Background

Appellants are...

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