McDonald, J.
A criminal prosecution may not proceed against a defendant who is not competent to stand trial. For that reason, a defendant may not be continued in pretrial detention unless the government is taking steps to provide treatment to restore the defendant to competence or to have the defendant civilly committed. Maryland law provides for a trial court to determine whether a defendant is competent, is dangerous to self or others, and, if incompetent, has the potential to be restored to competence. If these criteria are met, the trial court may commit the defendant to a mental health facility designated by Appellee Maryland Department of Health
MDH and its head, Appellee Secretary of Health,
In this case, the Circuit Court found each of the Appellants — defendants in separate criminal cases — to be incompetent to stand trial and dangerous. The court committed each of them to a State psychiatric facility pursuant to the statute and ordered their admission within one day of the commitment order. When MDH failed to admit them by that deadline, they collectively brought this action challenging the MDH policy on statutory and constitutional grounds.
We hold that the statute itself does not set a deadline for admission to a psychiatric hospital. Nor does it authorize a circuit court to do so. Accordingly, a delay in admitting a criminal defendant by a deadline set forth in a commitment order does not violate the statute, although it may violate the commitment order. Nevertheless, depending on the circumstances of the particular case, such delay may violate the due process guarantee of the Maryland Declaration of Rights unless the delay is reasonable under the circumstances of the particular case.
I
Background
A. Procedures Concerning Defendants Found Incompetent to Stand Trial
Competency Standard
Under the common law, a criminal prosecution could not proceed if the defendant was unable, as a result of a mental or physical disability, to understand the proceedings or to assist in the defense. A criminal defendant in that condition is said to be incompetent to stand trial.
Trial Court Determination
Under Maryland law, trial courts are charged with determining whether a defendant is in fact incompetent to stand trial and, if so, what to do about it. CP §§ 3-104 through 3-108. If it appears that a defendant may be incompetent to stand trial (or the defense alleges incompetence), the trial court must determine, from "evidence presented on the record," whether the defendant is in fact competent to stand trial. CP § 3-104. Part of the evidence considered by the court may be a report from MDH following its examination of the defendant.
Examination of Defendant for Competence and Dangerousness
To obtain an assessment by MDH, the court may order MDH to examine the defendant and submit a report to the court, the prosecutor, and defense counsel concerning whether the defendant is competent to stand trial. CP § 3-105(d)(1). If, upon examination, MDH determines that the defendant is incompetent to stand trial, the report must include a supplementary opinion concerning "whether, because of mental retardation or mental disorder, the defendant would be a danger to self or the person or property of another, if released." CP § 3-105(d)(3).
Disposition after Determination of Incompetence
If the court finds that the defendant is incompetent to stand trial, but is not dangerous to self or the person or property of others, the court is to set bail or release the defendant on personal recognizance. CP § 3-106(a). The court is then required to hold a hearing at least annually to reconsider the issues of competence and dangerousness. CP § 3-106(f).
If, however, the court finds that the defendant is dangerous as well as incompetent, "the court may order the defendant committed to the facility that [MDH] designates until the court finds that: (i) the defendant no longer is incompetent to stand trial; (ii) the defendant no longer is, because of mental retardation or a mental disorder, a danger to self or the person or property of others; or (iii) there is not a substantial likelihood that the defendant will become competent to stand trial in the foreseeable future." CP § 3-106(b)(1).
If the court finds that a defendant meets these criteria
Under the statute, MDH thus functions as a legislatively-designated expert that may assist the court in making the necessary findings and as the provider of treatment that may restore the defendant to competence. The statute contemplates a cooperative process in which MDH evaluates the defendant initially and periodically, provides reports and opinions to the court, and designates facilities at which evaluation and treatment take place. The court is charged with determining whether the criteria of incompetence, dangerousness, and restorability are met, revisiting those determinations periodically, and taking appropriate action based on its findings.
Hospital Facilities Operated by MDH
MDH's Behavioral Health Administration operates five psychiatric hospitals in Maryland. Maryland Code, Health-General Article ("HG"), § 10-406. The Director of the Behavioral Health Administration is charged by State law with setting standards for admission to those facilities. HG § 10-407.
There are four regional hospitals to which individuals are committed by courts in the region served by the particular hospital.
B. Facts and Legal Proceedings
The basic facts of this case are set forth in the complaint and accompanying affidavit of Appellants' counsel, and in an affidavit supporting the motion to dismiss subsequently filed by MDH and the Secretary. These facts are largely undisputed, although the parties differ on the characterization of those facts, the inferences to be drawn from them, and their legal significance.
The complaint was filed on behalf of Fredia Powell, James Powell, Shane Dorsey, and Ivan Burrell in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City on June 8, 2016. Different labels have been applied to Ms. Powell, Mr. Powell, Mr. Dorsey, and Mr. Burrell in connection with this litigation. Each has been a defendant facing criminal charges in separate cases in the Circuit Court. Each also became a plaintiff prosecuting the civil complaint that initiated this action. Each now is an appellant pursuing the appeal before us. In the hope of avoiding confusion, we shall refer to them consistently in this opinion as "Appellants."
The complaint named MDH and the Secretary as defendants. Because the Secretary was sued in his official capacity as the head of MDH, we shall refer to the Appellees collectively as "MDH," unless the context requires otherwise.
The complaint alleged that each of the Appellants was a defendant in a criminal case in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. In each case, according to the complaint, the Circuit Court determined prior to trial that the Appellant was both incompetent to stand trial and dangerous.
In each case, the order directed the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services to transport the Appellant immediately to Perkins "or such other facility as [MDH] designates." The designation of Perkins was a handwritten addition to the form order. Each order included another handwritten addition requiring that the Appellant be admitted as an inpatient "no later than" a specified date — in each case, the day after the date of the commitment order. In each case, additional paragraphs of the pre-printed form order provided for a status conference in six months and an annual hearing a year after the date of the order.
None of the Appellants was admitted to Perkins by the deadline set forth in their respective orders. At the time of the filing of the complaint on June 8, 2016, each of the Appellants was being held in a pretrial detention facility, still awaiting admission to Perkins. After the filing of the complaint, each of the Appellants was admitted to Perkins on various dates between June 13 and June 30, 2016. Instead of being admitted within one day of the commitment order, as stated in the handwritten addition to each form order, the Appellants were admitted between 12 and 36 days after the dates of their respective commitment orders. The individual chronologies with respect to each Appellant were as follows:
The complaint further alleged that the Appellants' cases were not unique and that MDH had failed, and continued to fail, to comply with the deadlines in court orders for the commitment of criminal defendants who had been judicially determined to be incompetent to stand trial and dangerous as a result of mental disorder. Attached to the complaint as an exhibit was a letter dated April 28, 2016, from the Secretary to the Administrative Judge of the Circuit Court for Prince George's County. In that letter, the Secretary described a "crisis" that prevented MDH from "responding expeditiously to court requirements." The letter stated that MDH's in-patient facilities were full and, in fact, "over census," that MDH was at risk of having insufficient staff to provide the necessary care, that the problem was "particularly acute" at Perkins, and that the Secretary was forming a workgroup to solve the problems. He asked for the Judiciary's assistance and participation in the workgroup. The complaint characterized the Secretary's letter as justifying an "optional compliance" policy with respect to court orders.
The complaint alleged two causes of action, both premised to some extent on the fact that none of the Appellants had been admitted to Perkins at the time the complaint was filed. Count One alleged that MDH had violated CP § 3-106(b) with respect to each Appellant because it had failed to comply with the court order concerning that Appellant. Count Two alleged that MDH had violated the Appellants' right to due process guaranteed by Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. In a prayer for relief, the complaint asked the court to grant a motion for a preliminary injunction,
The Motion to Dismiss
On July 13, 2016, MDH moved to dismiss the Appellants' complaint as moot and also moved to dismiss the claims for injunctive relief for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. With respect to the issue of mootness, MDH submitted an affidavit of the Director of the Behavioral Health Administration. That affidavit recounted the chronology on which each of the Appellants was admitted to Perkins. In the affidavit, the Director stated that, as of the time she made the affidavit, only three individuals on the waiting list for Perkins had been found incompetent to stand trial and that none of those individuals was the subject of an order with a specific deadline for admission. The affidavit also stated that there were no individuals who had been found incompetent to stand trial on the waiting lists for MDH's other four psychiatric hospitals. The affidavit stated that the hospitals were currently operating at or above maximum capacity and described efforts undertaken to reduce admission delays.
MDH also opposed the motion for class certification, arguing that the claims of the individual Appellants were moot and that, in any case, they failed to establish that the threshold requirements for a class action under Maryland Rule 2-231(a) — i.e., numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation — were satisfied. In the alternative, MDH argued that any plaintiff class should be limited to individuals who had been found incompetent to stand trial and dangerous, and were designated for admission to Perkins within one day in a commitment order issued by the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.
Circuit Court Ruling on Motion to Dismiss
On August 30, 2016, the Circuit Court held a hearing at which it heard argument
In a brief oral ruling at the conclusion of the hearing, the Circuit Court granted MDH's motion to dismiss the Appellants' claims for injunctive relief. The Circuit Court reasoned that CP § 3-106(b) did not authorize a court to set a deadline for admission to a hospital and, accordingly, that a failure to comply with a deadline in an order did not violate the statute. The Circuit Court also held that the delays in placing the Appellants, even if the delays subsequent to the filing of the complaint were considered, did not violate Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. The court did not explicitly address the issue of mootness. The court later entered a brief written declaratory judgment consistent with its oral ruling.
The Appeal
The Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal. Prior to consideration of the appeal by the Court of Special Appeals, they filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with this Court, which we granted.
II
Discussion
Appellants contend that the Circuit Court erred when it concluded that MDH's delay in admitting Appellants to Perkins did not violate either CP § 3-106(b) or Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. MDH raises the preliminary issue of whether Appellants' claims are moot.
A. Standard of Review
When a circuit court considers a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim, the court accepts the well-pleaded facts of the complaint, and reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those allegations, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Balfour Beatty Infrastructure, Inc. v. Rummel Klepper & Kahl, LLP, 451 Md. 600, 609, 155 A.3d 445 (2017). The court's decision is thus based on its application of the law to those facts and inferences. Similarly, when a circuit court looks to undisputed facts outside the complaint — and the motion to dismiss is treated as one for summary judgment
B. Mootness
MDH renews the contention it made in the Circuit Court that the Appellants' claims are moot and urges us to decline to reach the merits of the appeal for that reason. A case is moot if "there is
In this case, Appellants were all admitted to Perkins by June 30, 2016. There is no longer a controversy between them and MDH over their admission to Perkins pursuant to their respective commitment orders. Thus, to the extent that they seek an injunction ordering their admission, the case is moot. However, this is not the case with respect to declaratory relief. It is not uncommon for an individual who has been found incompetent to stand trial to be restored to competence through treatment and then, for any variety of reasons, to later lapse back into incompetence. See, e.g., Sibug v. State, 445 Md. 265, 126 A.3d 86 (2015). Indeed, the statute contemplates that the court may need to reconsider the defendant's competence during the course of the prosecution. CP § 3-104(c).
It is thus conceivable that one or more of the Appellants, having experienced that cycle, will again be the subject of a commitment order under CP § 3-106(b) in connection with his or her criminal case. The question whether, and to what extent, the judge who issues that commitment order may specify a deadline for admission of the Appellant to Perkins and whether MDH's admission policy complies with the statute and Constitution would likely again be an issue. And, assuming that Appellant again challenges any delay under the MDH policy in his or her admission to Perkins, it seems likely that the Appellant would again be admitted to Perkins before that challenge reaches this Court. If we decline to decide the case on the ground of mootness, this important question of MDH's compliance with the statutory and constitutional provisions governing commitment of an incompetent defendant will escape decision.
This is thus a classic example of one of the limited exceptions to the mootness doctrine. Under that exception, even if no controversy exists at the precise moment that the case is before the appellate court, it will not be deemed moot if the controversy between the parties is "capable of repetition, yet evading review." See State v. Parker, 334 Md. 576, 585-86, 640 A.2d 1104 (1994). This exception applies when "(1) the challenged action was too short in its duration to be fully litigated prior to its cessation or expiration; and (2) there was a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party would be subjected to the same action again." Id. Even if it is unlikely that the same party will be subject to the same action, the exception may also apply if the issue is of public importance and affects an identifiable group for whom the complaining party is an appropriate surrogate (even if a class action is not certified). See La Valle v. La Valle, 432 Md. 343, 351-52, 69 A.3d 1 (2013); cf. Loisel v. Rowe, 233 Conn. 370, 660 A.2d 323, 330-32 (1995).
Here, the Appellants alleged that delays that ultimately ranged from 12 days to 36 days in admitting them to Perkins for treatment violated not only the respective court orders, but also the statute and the Maryland Declaration of Rights. The challenged action — the failure to admit the Appellants to Perkins — was too short in duration to be fully litigated prior to its cessation. It is also entirely possible that the complaining party — one of the Appellants — would be subject to the same circumstances again. Moreover, the complaint alleges that the Appellants' experience is not unique and that other criminal
For that reason, we decline to dismiss this appeal on the ground of mootness. We do not reach the other exceptions to the mootness doctrine advanced by the Appellants.
C. Alleged Violation of CP § 3-106(b)
Count One of the complaint alleges that MDH violated CP § 3-106(b). The focus of the alleged violation has shifted slightly over the course of this litigation. At the time the complaint was filed, none of the Appellants had been admitted to Perkins and Count One might have been treated as alleging a violation of the statute for the failure to admit them at all. However, the complaint appears to acknowledge that the essence of the controversy is not a complete failure to admit criminal defendants committed by the court based on a finding of incompetency and dangerousness, but rather delay in admission beyond the deadline set by the court in the commitment order. By the time of the filing of the motion to dismiss, all four Appellants had been admitted to Perkins. Appellants then argued that the failure to admit them to Perkins within one day of their commitments violated the orders under which they were committed and, by dint of that violation, MDH also violated CP § 3-106(b). The Circuit Court dismissed Count One on the rationale that there was no authority in the statute for a court to set a deadline for admission to Perkins.
Before us, Appellants argue both that CP § 3-106(b) authorizes a court to set a deadline for admission to Perkins and that, when a court sets a deadline, the failure of MDH to meet that deadline is a violation of the statute. In our view, both arguments lack merit.
Whether CP § 3-106(b) Authorizes the Court to Set a Deadline for Admission
First, the statute does not provide for a court to specify a date for admission of a criminal defendant to a psychiatric hospital after the court has made the requisite findings of incompetency and dangerousness for commitment. CP § 3-106(b) provides:
As is evident from the language of the statute, nothing in the text of CP § 3-106(b) sets a deadline for admission, or authorizes the court to set one. Nor can such authority be found in other parts of the statute. This is in contrast to other portions of the statutory scheme that set deadlines or that confer explicit authority on the court to establish conditions. See, e.g., CP § 3-105(d)(2) (defendant entitled to have report of examination within seven days after court orders examination, although court may extend time "for good cause"); CP § 3-105(a)(2) (court "shall set and may change the conditions" of MDH examination of a defendant); CP § 3-106(c) (court to hold hearing on defendant's competency within 30 days of certain events); CP § 3-106(f)(1)(i) (court must hold hearing at least annually at which it must reconsider its findings as to defendant's competency and dangerousness)
The pre-printed form used by the Circuit Court as to each of the Appellants provided as follows in the pertinent paragraph:
In each case, the court modified this paragraph in three ways: (1) It inserted "DPSCS" — the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services — in the first blank; (2) it inserted "Clifton T. Perkins Hospital" in the second blank; and (3) it added a handwritten clause at the end of the paragraph requiring the defendant to be admitted as an inpatient "no later than" a specified date — in each case, one day after the date of the order.
As is evident, the pre-printed form contemplates that the court may designate a hospital, although it hedges that designation with the qualification "or such other facility as the Department designates," thus rendering the form consistent with CP § 3-106(b), which provides for MDH (as opposed to the court) to designate the facility. The pre-printed form also provides for a defendant to be transported "immediately" to the designated hospital. Presumably, the drafter of the form contemplated immediate admission to the hospital as well — as opposed to waiting indefinitely outside the door of the facility. The handwritten additions to each of the orders setting a one-day deadline for admission of the Appellants could be viewed as an elaboration, a shortening, or even a lengthening of the term "immediately" in the pre-printed form. In any event, neither the term "immediately" nor any other timetable appears in the statute.
Appellants argue somewhat vaguely that the legislative history of the statute demonstrates that the General Assembly intended to authorize a court to set a specific deadline in a commitment order. They do not point to any particular evidence from the legislative history of CP § 3-106(b) other than to make a general reference to the 2006 revision of statutory provisions concerning restorability. See generally State v. Ray, 429 Md. 566, 581-96, 57 A.3d 444 (2012) (summarizing legislative history of competency statute with focus on 2006 revision and restorability provisions).
As recounted in Ray, the only amendment made to CP § 3-106(b) by the 2006 law was to add the restorability criterion that is now found in CP § 3-106(b)(1)(iii) and related provisions. See Chapter 353, Laws of Maryland 2006. That provision concerned the end of an effort to restore a defendant to competency — not, as in these cases, the beginning. Consequently, that amendment did not address the timetable for the initial admission of a defendant to a facility under a commitment order. Moreover, no change was made in the operative language of the provision authorizing commitment of a defendant found to be incompetent and dangerous. Indeed, that language is essentially unchanged from the predecessor statute that was enacted in 1967. Chapter 709, Laws of Maryland 1967, then codified at Maryland Code, Article 59, § 8(a). We have reviewed the various recodifications of that provision over the subsequent five decades and the extant legislative history for those recodifications.
That is not to say that a court order issued under CP § 3-106(b) may not include a deadline for admission to a facility. Nor does it mean that such a deadline in a court order may not be enforced through the court's contempt powers. But the authority for including a deadline must come from somewhere other than the statute. One possible source of such authority might be a constitutional constraint on government that a court must recognize in issuing an order. That is a question more pertinent to Count Two of the complaint, in which the Appellants alleged a violation of due process. It is addressed in Part II.D. of this opinion.
Whether Failure to Meet a Deadline in a Court Order Violates CP § 3-106(b)
Second, even if the statute could be read to authorize the court to impose a deadline for admission or even if there is another source for that authority, a failure to meet that deadline does not mean that MDH has violated the statute. There may be a violation of the court order issued pursuant to the statute, but that does not logically translate into a violation of the statute itself. Many statutes and
Finally, as part of their argument before us that the Circuit Court erred in dismissing Count One of the complaint, Appellants raise a number of issues that are not reflected in the complaint and that were not presented to the Circuit Court: whether the court had authority to set a deadline for admission to Perkins under its parens patriae authority over individuals with a disability,
D. Alleged Violation of Substantive Due Process
Count Two of the complaint asserts that MDH has deprived the Appellants of their substantive due process rights under Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. Substantive due process refers to the principle that there are certain liberties protected by the due process clauses in the federal and State Constitutions from government interference,
Liberty Interest of Criminal Defendant Found Incompetent to Stand Trial
A defendant in a criminal case who has not yet been convicted of the charge has a liberty interest in being free of confinement, unless there has been a determination of probable cause and pretrial detention is necessary to ensure the presence of the defendant for trial or the safety of the community. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 746-52, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 534, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979); see also Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 95 S.Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed.2d 54 (1975). When the prosecution of the criminal case cannot proceed because the defendant is incompetent to stand trial, the defendant may not be detained on account of the criminal charge more than a reasonable period of time to determine whether there is a substantial probability that the defendant will become competent in the foreseeable future. Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715, 738, 92 S.Ct. 1845, 32 L.Ed.2d 435 (1972). If the defendant is not restorable — i.e., not likely to become competent within the foreseeable future — the government must either release the defendant or institute civil commitment proceedings. Id. Even if it is foreseeable that the defendant will become competent, the continued commitment of the defendant "must be justified by progress toward that goal." Id.
In Jackson, the United States Supreme Court confronted a case in which a defendant who was incompetent to stand trial on criminal charges had been indefinitely committed solely on the basis of his lack of capacity to face those charges. He had already spent three and a half years in confinement as a result of that commitment with no indication that he was likely to become competent in the foreseeable future. The Court held that the defendant could not constitutionally be held indefinitely in custody simply on the basis of his incompetency to stand trial on the criminal charges. Id. at 720, 92 S.Ct. 1845. The Court declined to "prescribe arbitrary time limits," noting a lack of evidence in the record and the existence of "differing state facilities and procedures." Id. at 738, 92 S.Ct. 1845.
Jackson thus concerned the timing of the termination of a commitment to restore a defendant to competence, while the case before us concerns the beginning of that process. See State v. Ray, 429 Md. 566, 585-87, 57 A.3d 444 (2012) (discussing restorability provisions of Maryland statute in relation to Jackson). However, the due process principle that the Supreme Court articulated in that case applies here as well: "[D]ue process requires that the nature and duration of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for which the individual is committed." 406 U.S. at 738, 92 S.Ct. 1845.
In our view, this due process principle applies to the operation of the Maryland statutory scheme as follows: After a court has made the requisite findings of incompetence and dangerousness, a criminal defendant is committed to MDH for purpose of restoring the defendant to competence, while protecting the defendant (and others) from whatever danger the defendant's condition poses. Any delay in transferring that defendant to a designated facility pursuant to a commitment order must be reasonable in relation to the purpose of treating the defendant while protecting both the defendant and the public.
Facial Challenge v. As-Applied Challenge
The parties have debated whether Count Two poses a "facial challenge"
In dismissing Count Two, the Circuit Court opined that it believed that Count Two asserted a facial challenge and found it meritless. The court went on to say that, even if it regarded the claim as an as-applied challenge, it did not believe that the facts before the court concerning the delays in admission rose to a constitutional violation.
The tendency to regard Count Two as a facial challenge to the MDH policy is understandable given the generality of the allegations made in that count. It first states generally that "the conduct of [MDH and the Secretary] violate Article 24 ..." Complaint ¶ 35. It further alleges that MDH "without right or authority (and in violation of a court order), intentionally and deliberately, or at least with deliberate indifference" violated the due process guarantee of Article 24 when it failed to admit the Appellants to a mental health facility and forced them to remain in pretrial detention when they had not been convicted of a crime and had been determined to be incompetent to stand trial. Complaint, ¶¶ 36, 37. It goes on to allege that, in addition to a liberty interest in being free of pretrial detention, the Appellants have a liberty interest "in restorative treatment" and "in reasonable care and safety and other treatment." Complaint, ¶ 38. It further alleges that there was "no legitimate governmental interest that justifies holding incompetent criminal defendants in jail" after a court had issued a commitment order and concludes that Appellants were being "unlawfully and unconstitutionally punished" in violation of Article 24. Complaint, ¶¶ 39, 40. In their opening brief, Appellants summarize these allegations as alleging that MDH is "violating Article 24 by failing to admit [A]ppellants ... into a [MDH] facility by the date set in the court's order or within a constitutionally permissible period of time." Appellants' Brief at 7.
If Count Two is treated as a facial due process challenge, we have little difficulty agreeing with the Circuit Court that it does not survive a motion to dismiss (or for summary judgment). It is not the case that no delay at all in admission is tolerated by the due process clause. See Lakey v. Taylor, 435 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. Ct. App. 2014) (state health department's use of waiting list that resulted in delays of admission of incompetent defendants to state psychiatric hospitals was not a facial violation of substantive due process). Appellants themselves implicitly accept that some delay is inevitable or permissible as they did not challenge the one-day (or slightly greater) delay allowed by their respective commitment orders.
While it is tempting to treat the Appellants' due process claim as a facial challenge to the MDH admission policy, at the time the complaint was filed, all of the Appellants were still in pretrial detention awaiting admission to Perkins. Thus, it is understandable that Count Two did not relate the alleged due process violations to specific delays applicable to the Appellants, as the full extent of the delay was unknown. Perhaps it can be inferred that Appellants were asserting that the delays
Reasonableness of the Delay in Admission
What delay is reasonable with respect to a particular defendant depends on the circumstances of the particular case: e.g., the nature of the defendant's disorder, the circumstances of the defendant's confinement at the pretrial detention facility, the treatment needs of the defendant, the treatment needs of other patients at the hospital facility, the need to provide a setting to deal with the nature of the dangerousness found by the court with respect to that defendant, the basis for a policy that results in a waiting list, and the experience under that policy. While the due process clause sets some outside constraints, a one-size fits all approach is unlikely to be reasonable.
Other courts that have been called upon to decide whether a delay in the transfer of an incompetent defendant from pretrial detention to a psychiatric hospital have come to varying conclusions as to what constitutes an acceptable delay based on the particular circumstances. In contrast to this case, those courts have generally had the benefit of a detailed record after a trial or evidentiary hearing. One cannot simply compare the delays permitted or proscribed in those cases and attempt to decide whether a delay of 12 or 36 days in this case violated due process.
Some cases have simply held that a lengthy delay is unacceptable under due process without specifying what, if any, delay would pass muster. Disability Law Center v. Utah, 180 F.Supp.3d 998, 1004 (D. Utah 2016) (denying motion to dismiss due process claim on behalf of incompetent defendants forced to wait as much as six months for admission to state psychiatric hospital); Terry ex rel. Terry v. Hill, 232 F.Supp.2d 934, 938, 944 (E.D. Ark. 2002) (concluding that the six-month average wait in Arkansas for a defendant to be admitted to the state psychiatric hospital was "far beyond any constitutional boundary").
Other courts that have found delays to be violative — or likely violative — of due process have issued remedial injunctions that presumably reflect what those courts believed to be reasonable, and presumably acceptable for purposes of due process. In Advocacy Center for the Elderly and Disabled v. Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, 731 F.Supp.2d 603, 620, 627 (E.D.La. 2010), the court conducted an extensive evidentiary hearing on a motion for a preliminary injunction and concluded that the plaintiffs were likely to prevail on their claim that extended delays in the admission of incompetent defendants to the state psychiatric hospital — some longer than nine months — violated due process. The court issued a preliminary injunction setting a 21-day deadline for admission of a defendant following a commitment order.
In Cooper v. Kliebert, 2016 WL 3892445 (M.D. La. 2016), in an action similar to this one challenging delays in the hospital admission
Several courts have required admission within a period as short as seven days of a commitment order, although those time periods have been made with reference to legislative determinations or qualified in other ways. In Oregon Advocacy Center v. Mink, 322 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2003), the Ninth Circuit affirmed an injunction requiring hospital admission within seven days of commitment order by a state court in Oregon. That court held that the trial court had not abused its discretion in setting a "reasonably short time limit" in light of the circumstances of the case and the fact that the Oregon state legislature itself had chosen the same time limit in a previous version of the pertinent statute. Similarly, in Trueblood v. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, 101 F.Supp.3d 1010 (W.D. Wash. 2015), a federal district court issued an injunction requiring the Washington state health department to commence evaluations and restorative services for criminal defendants within seven days of a state court order. The order with respect to evaluations was later reversed by the Ninth Circuit. 822 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2016). (The state did not appeal the injunction with respect to hospital admissions for treatment.). It is notable that in both cases, the courts gave significant weight to the fact that the state legislature had established statutory deadlines or goals for evaluations and provision of services. See Mink, 322 F.3d at 1122 n.13; Trueblood, 822 F.3d at 1040-41 & n.2, 1046.
In People v. Brewer, 235 Cal.App.4th 122, 185 Cal.Rptr.3d 104 (Cal. App. 2015), the California intermediate appellate court considered an injunction issued by a trial court requiring admission to a psychiatric hospital within seven days of commitment or of the facility's receipt of certain information from the committing court, whichever was later. That period was later extended to 14 days, and, ultimately overturned by the appellate court in light of intervening legislative action. In remanding the case for the trial court to determine whether a 14-day deadline remained reasonable, the court suggested that a benchmark in determining reasonableness was the 90-day statutory deadline for the hospital to provide a progress report to the court. In a subsequent case, the same appellate court later affirmed that a 60-day deadline for transferring incompetent defendants to a state psychiatric facility complied with due process requirements. In re Loveton, 244 Cal.App.4th 1025, 198 Cal.Rptr.3d 514 (2016).
None of these cases is necessarily a template for the result in this case. It may well be that the Circuit Court's assessment that the delays experienced by the Appellants were reasonable under the circumstances and did not violate the substantive due process guarantee of Article 24 is correct. But we cannot reach that conclusion as a matter of law based on the limited record in this case.
III
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, a failure by MDH to comply with a deadline for admission to a psychiatric hospital set forth in a commitment order under CP § 3-106(b) may violate the order, but is not a violation of the statute itself. Accordingly, Count One of the Appellants' complaint does not state a claim upon which
To the extent that Count Two of the complaint challenges the MDH policy as violating on its face the guarantee of substantive due process in Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, it also fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. To the extent that Count Two alleges that the MDH policy violates due process as that policy was applied to the Appellants, it does state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Whether that claim has merit depends on the particular circumstances of each case.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED AS TO COUNT ONE OF THE COMPLAINT AND VACATED AS TO COUNT TWO OF THE COMPLAINT. CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE PAID ONE-HALF BY APPELLANTS AND ONE-HALF BY APPELLEES.
Getty, J., dissents.
Dissenting Opinion by Getty, J.
Respectfully, I dissent.
To briefly summarize the central facts of this case, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City issued a series of separate commitment orders mandating that Appellants, criminal defendants who had been found incompetent to stand trial and dangerous, be committed to the care of Appellee, Maryland Department of Health ("MDH") at the Clifton T. Perkins Hospital ("Perkins")
I would affirm the trial court's grant of the motion to dismiss. In my view, the Appellants' claims were moot because they had already obtained the relief they sought, namely, admission to Perkins. Although there are instances in which it is appropriate to address a moot question that may arise again and would otherwise evade review, this case is not one of them. As I shall explain, remanding this particular case for further proceedings will not resolve the rights of Appellants in the event that they are once again committed to MDH and once again face a delay in admission, or provide helpful guidance on a "recurring matter of public concern." See La Valle v. La Valle, 432 Md. 343, 352, 69 A.3d 1 (2013) (quoting Office of Pub. Def. v. State, 413 Md. 411, 423, 993 A.2d 55 (2010)).
Furthermore, I write out of concern that the Majority has failed to address a critical issue raised by the facts of this case — whether a trial court has the authority to set a binding deadline by which MDH must place a defendant committed to its custody in an inpatient psychiatric treatment facility. I doubt that a trial court has the authority to set such a deadline without, at a minimum, conducting a hearing and making findings of fact that such a deadline is necessary to prevent a violation
A. Mootness
"A case is moot when there is no longer an existing controversy between the parties at the time it is before the court so that the court cannot provide an effective remedy." Hammen v. Balt. Cty. Police Dep't, 373 Md. 440, 449, 818 A.2d 1125 (2003) (quoting Coburn v. Coburn, 342 Md. 244, 250, 674 A.2d 951 (1996)). This Court generally dismisses moot cases without deciding the merits of the controversy, in order to avoid issuing advisory opinions or resolving purely academic questions. See Green v. Nassif, 401 Md. 649, 655, 934 A.2d 22 (2007); In re Riddlemoser, 317 Md. 496, 502, 564 A.2d 812 (1989).
However, the Court has the authority to express its opinions as to moot questions, and has done so in some limited circumstances. One of those limited exceptions is when a moot question is "capable of repetition, yet evading review." Majority Op. at 541, 168 A.3d at 869 (quoting State v. Parker, 334 Md. 576, 585, 640 A.2d 1104 (1994)). The exception generally applies when "(1) the challenged action was too short in its duration to be fully litigated prior to its cessation or expiration; and (2) there was a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party would be subjected to the same action again." Id. (quoting Parker, 334 Md. at 585, 640 A.2d 1104). A court may also apply the exception to consider a moot issue even when it is "unlikely that the same party will be subject to the same action," so long as the issue is "of public importance and affects an identifiable group for whom the complaining party is an appropriate surrogate[.]" Id. As the Court explained in La Valle, when a matters' recurrence
432 Md. at 352, 69 A.3d 1 (quoting Lloyd v. Bd. of Supervisors of Elections of Balt. Cnty., 206 Md. 36, 43, 111 A.2d 379 (1954)).
Here, prior to the trial court's grant of the motion to dismiss, each of the four Appellants had obtained the relief sought in their Complaint, namely, admission to Perkins. Thus, Appellants' claims would ordinarily be deemed moot, and the trial court's grant of the motion to dismiss upheld on that basis. The Majority, however, declines to hold that Appellants claims are moot. The Majority believes that Appellants may, at some point in the future, again "be the subject of a commitment order." Majority Op. at 541, 168 A.3d at 869. According to the Majority, in such event "[t]he question whether, and to what extent, the judge who issues that commitment order may specify a deadline for admission of the Appellant to Perkins and whether MDH's admission policy complies with the statute and Constitution would likely again be an issue." Id. And, the Majority notes that if one of the Appellants were to "again challenge[ ] any delay under the MDH policy in his or her admission to Perkins, it seems likely that the Appellant would again be admitted to Perkins
It is highly speculative to suggest that, simply because Appellants have once been the subject of a commitment order, there is a "reasonable expectation" that at some point in the future they will once again be the subject of a commitment order, and once again face a delay in admission due to MDH policy. However, even if the Majority is correct that this case is capable of repetition as to these particular defendants, the Court should still hold Appellants' claims to be moot, as there is no point to remanding the case and expending further judicial resources to resolve their remaining claim.
Appellants' sole surviving claim
Therefore, judicial resolution of Appellants' as-applied substantive due process claim will involve a detailed, fact-specific judicial inquiry into the circumstances that existed at the time of Appellants' commitment order and delay in admission to Perkins — circumstances that existed over a year from the date of this opinion. The court will thus need to evaluate each Appellant's mental state, circumstances, and treatment needs that
More importantly, such an inquiry is simply unnecessary. If the Majority is correct and one or more Appellants are once again ordered committed for psychiatric treatment at some time in the future, their own mental state and treatment needs will doubtless have changed from what they were in 2016, as will the needs of others committed to MDH and, in all likelihood, MDH policy regarding the wait list for admission. The trial court's resolution of Appellants' instant claim will thus simply have no application to a future delay in admission involving one of the Appellants.
Nor is the resolution of Appellants' claim likely to have a broader impact on other criminal defendants facing a delay in admission to MDH treatment facilities.
In short, now that Appellants have all been admitted to Perkins, Appellants' claim presents a purely academic question, and the trial judge's resolution of that claim will have no practical consequence or effect. Therefore, Appellants' claim is precisely the kind of issue properly deemed moot.
B. Deadlines for Admission to an MDH Treatment Facility
As I have explained, a trial court conducting an after-the-fact examination of whether MDH's wait list policy violated a defendant's substantive due process rights is likely to be a waste of judicial resources. However, if a trial court is concerned that MDH policy is likely to result in a delay in admitting a criminal defendant who has been found incompetent to stand trial and dangerous to a treatment facility, and that the delay is likely to be of a duration and extent that it would violate the defendant's substantive due process rights, the trial court could issue a deadline for admission in the commitment order itself. Indeed, that is exactly what occurred in the instant action — the Baltimore City circuit court issued commitment orders mandating that each Appellant be placed in Perkins within one day after the date of his or her respective commitment order. Majority Op. at 532-34, 168 A.3d at 864-65.
The Majority opinion suggests that a trial court may have the authority to issue such a deadline for admission in a commitment order under the due process guarantees of the Maryland Constitution and Maryland Declaration of Rights. Majority Op. at 545-46, 168 A.3d at 872. However, that suggestion raises significant legal and policy concerns that the Majority has not addressed.
First, at the time of a commitment order, a delay in admitting the defendant yet to occur, and the controversy between the defendant and MDH is not yet ripe. Thus, a deadline in a commitment order is in the nature of a prophylactic measure intended to prevent a violation of a defendant's due process rights before it actually occurs. Courts have sanctioned such prophylactic measures in other contexts in order to preserve criminal defendants' constitutional rights. See e.g., Smith v. State, 186 Md.App. 498, 512, 974 A.2d 991 (2009), aff'd, 414 Md. 357, 995 A.2d 685 (2010) (noting that the Supreme Court has consistently held that Miranda warnings are a prophylactic measure "designed to implement the undergirding Fifth Amendment
Second, even if a trial court does have the authority to impose an admission deadline as a prophylactic measure, it would not be appropriate to do so for every defendant. As the Majority notes, not every delay in admission is per se unreasonable and a violation of a defendant's substantive due process rights. Majority Op. at 551, 168 A.3d at 875 ("It is not the case that no delay at all in admission is tolerated by the due process clause."). Instead, it is only when a delay is unreasonable "in relation to the purpose of treating the defendant while protecting both the defendant and the public" that a delay violates due process protections. Id. at 550, 168 A.3d at 874. Thus, at a minimum, a trial judge who desires to impose such a deadline on the basis of substantive due process should be required to conduct an inquiry into whether a deadline is necessary under the circumstances to protect the individual defendant's rights. After conducting such an inquiry, if a trial judge finds that a defendant is likely to face a delay in admission, and that delay is likely to violate his substantive due process rights, then a deadline may be appropriate.
In addition to the factors stated by the Majority, see id. at 552, 168 A.3d at 876, trial courts should be mindful that the General Assembly has not mandated a timeline by which MDH must admit a defendant committed to its care to an inpatient treatment facility. Furthermore, the record of this case reflects that MDH hospitals have recently been "operating at or above maximum capacity[,]" and thus may face great difficulties in immediately or rapidly admitting a particular defendant in response to a court order. Id. at 537, 168 A.3d at 867. And, MDH is in the best position to assess the overall needs and dangerousness of all of the defendants committed to its care, and to determine from that information the order in which defendants are admitted as beds become available. For all those reasons, trial courts deciding whether to set a deadline for admission should generally be deferential to MDH's wait list policy and be reluctant to "jump the line" by ordering that a particular defendant be admitted immediately or rapidly. Accordingly, I would hold that trial courts should generally refrain from imposing an admission deadline similar to the one seen in this case — a single day, or other relatively short period of time — unless there are extraordinary circumstances such that a defendant's immediate or rapid admission to inpatient care is necessary.
C. Conclusion
Here, Appellants had already obtained the relief they sought prior to the trial court's grant of MDH's motion to dismiss and, consequently, their claims are moot. I would decline to apply the exception for review of moot claims that are "capable of repetition, yet evading review." In my view, a remand to the trial court to conduct a further inquiry into Appellants' surviving due process claim would not resolve Appellants' rights in the event that they are once again committed to MDH for inpatient treatment. Nor would such an inquiry provide relief to other defendants found incompetent who have faced delays in admission to Perkins, or provide direction to other trial courts faced with similar situations.
Moreover, the Majority's holding today suggests that a trial court has the authority to issue a deadline for the admission of a defendant to an MDH facility to prevent a violation of the defendant's substantive due process rights. I would hold that a trial court lacks the authority to impose such a deadline without, at a minimum,
For the above stated reasons, I respectfully dissent.
FootNotes
CP § 3-106(d)(1).
Maryland Rule 2-231(b)(3) provides for certification of a class if the prerequisites for a class action are otherwise satisfied and the court finds that questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over questions affecting individual members "and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy." The rule sets forth additional factors to be considered in making that determination.
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