ANTONYUK v. CHIUMENTO

Docket Nos. 22-2908 (L), 22-2972 (Con); 22-2933; 22-2987; 22-3237 August Term, 2022.

89 F.4th 271 (2023)

Ivan ANTONYUK, Corey Johnson, Alfred Terrille, Joseph Mann, Leslie Leman, Lawrence Sloane, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Dominick L. CHIUMENTO, in his official capacity as the Acting Superintendent of the New York State Police, Matthew J. Doran, in his official capacity as the Licensing Official of Onondaga County, Joseph Cecile, in his Official Capacity as the Chief of Police of Syracuse, Defendants-Appellants, Kathleen Hochul, in her official capacity as the Governor of the State of New York, William Fitzpatrick, in his official capacity as the Onondaga County District Attorney, Eugene Conway, in his official capacity as the Sheriff of Onondaga County, P. David Soares, in his official capacity as the District Attorney of Albany County, Gregory Oakes, in his official capacity as the District Attorney of Oswego County, Don Hilton, in his official capacity as the Sheriff of Oswego County, Joseph Stanzione, in his official capacity as the District Attorney of Greene County, Defendants. Jimmie Hardaway, Jr., Larry A. Boyd, Firearms Policy Coalition, Inc., Second Amendment Foundation, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Dominick L. Chiumento, in his official capacity as the Acting Superintendent of the New York State Police, Defendant-Appellant, Brian D. Seaman, in his official capacity as the District Attorney for the County of Niagara, New York, John J. Flynn, in his official capacity as the District Attorney for the County of Erie, New York, Defendants-Appellees. Brett Christian, Firearms Policy Coalition, Inc., Second Amendment Foundation, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, John Brown, Plaintiff, v. Dominick L. Chiumento, in his official capacity as the Acting Superintendent of the New York State Police, Defendants-Appellants, John J. Flynn, in his official capacity as District Attorney for the County of Erie, New York, Defendant-Appellee. Micheal Spencer, His Tabernacle Family Church, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Dominick L. Chiumento, Acting Superintendent of the New York State Police, in his official capacity, and Steven A. Nigrelli in his individual capacity, Defendants-Appellants, Weeden A. Wetmore, District Attorney for the County of Chemung, New York, in his official and individual capacities, Matthew Van Houten, District Attorney for the County of Tompkins, New York, in his official and individual capacities, Defendants.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Decided: December 8, 2023.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Ester Murdukhayeva , Deputy Solicitor General, New York State Office of the Attorney General, New York, NY ( Barbara D. Underwood , Philip J. Levitz , Alexandria Twinem , Eric Del Pozo , Sara Coco ; Letitia James , Jonathan D. Hitsous , New York State Office of the Attorney General, Albany, NY, on the briefs), for Defendants-Appellants Dominick L. Chiumento and Matthew A. Doran.

Todd M. Long , ( Danielle R. Smith , on the briefs), City of Syracuse Office of the Corporation Counsel, Syracuse, NY, for Defendant-Appellant Joseph Cecile.

Stephen D. Stamboulieh , Stamboulieh Law, PLLC, Olive Branch, MS ( Robert J. Olson , William J. Olson , William J. Olson, PC, Vienna, VA, on the briefs), for Plaintiffs-Appellees Ivan Antonyuk, Corey Johnson, Alfred Terrille, Joseph Mann, Leslie Leman, And Lawrence Sloane.

John D. Ohlendorf , Cooper & Kirk, PLLC, Washington, DC ( David H. Thompson , Peter A. Patterson , John W. Tienken ; Nicolas J. Rotsko , Phillips Lytle LLP, Buffalo, NY, on the briefs), for Plaintiffs-Appellees Jimmie Hardaway, Jr., Larry A. Boyd, Firearms Policy Coalition, Inc., and Second Amendment Foundation, Inc.

Brian P. Crosby , ( Melissa M. Morton , Claude A. Joerg , on the briefs), Gibson, McAskill & Crosby, LLP, Buffalo, NY, for Defendant-Appellee Brian D. Seaman.

Peter A. Patterson , Cooper & Kirk, PLLC, Washington, DC ( David H. Thompson , John W. Tienken ; Nicolas J. Rotsko , Phillips Lytle LLP, Buffalo, NY, on the briefs), for Plaintiffs-Appellees Brett Christian, Firearms Policy Coalition, Inc., and Second Amendment Foundation, Inc.

Erin E. Murphy , Clement & Murphy, PLLC, Alexandria, VA ( Andrew C. Lawrence , Nicholas M. Gallagher ; David J. Hacker , Jeremy Dys , Keisha Russell , Ryan Gardner , First Liberty Institute, Plano, TX; Jordan E. Pratt , First Liberty Institute, Washington DC; Anjan K. Ganguly , Ganguly Brothers, PLLC, Rochester, NY, on the briefs), for Plaintiffs-Appellees Micheal Spencer and His Tabernacle Family Church, Inc.

Jeffrey S. Trachtman, Susan Jacquemot, Jason M. Moff, Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, NY for Amici Curiae Bishops of the Episcopal Church in New York and New England; Synods of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in New York and New England; New York Conference of the United Church of Christ; Central Conference of American Rabbis; Union for Reform Judaism; Men of Reform Judaism; Women of Reform Judaism; Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association; Reconstructing Judaism; and other individual religious leaders, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento and Hardaway v. Chiumento.

Alvin L. Bragg, Jr., District Attorney New York County, Steven C. Wu, Chief, Appeals Division, Philip V. Tisne, Assistant District Attorney, New York County District Attorney's Office, New York, NY; Darcel D. Clark, District Attorney, Bronx County District Attorney's Office, Bronx, NY; Eric Gonzalez, District Attorney, Kings County District Attorney's Office, Brooklyn, NY; Melinda Katz, District Attorney, Queens County District Attorney's Office, Kew Gardens, NY, for Amici Curiae District Attorneys for New York County, Bronx County, Kings County, and Queens County, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Janet Carter, William J. Taylor, Jr., Everytown Law, New York, NY for Amicus Curiae Everytown for Gun Safety, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento and Hardaway v. Chiumento.

Max Rodriguez, Pollock Cohen LLP, New York, NY; Raphael Janove, Pollock Cohen LLP, Philadelphia, PA, for Amicus Curiae Dr. Jaclyn Schildkraut, Ph.D, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

P. Benjamin Duke, Covington & Burling LLP, New York, NY, for Amici Curiae Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Brady, and March for Our Lives, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Hardaway v. Chiumento and Christian v. Chiumento.

Mark D. Harris, Matthew J. Morris, Proskauer Rose LLP, New York, NY; Adam L. Deming, Proskauer Rose LLP, Boston, MA, for Amicus Curiae Greater New York Hospital Association, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Alan Shoenfeld, Juan M. Ruiz Toro, Joshua M. Feinzig, William Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, NY; Simon B. Kress, William Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, MA, for Amici Curiae Professors of Property Law, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Hon. Sylvia O. Hinds Radix, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, Richard Dearing, Claude S. Platton, Elina Druker, of Counsels, New York City Law Department, New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae The City of New York, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Brian L. Schwab, Attorney General, Caroline S. Van Zile, Solicitor General, Ashwin P. Phatak, Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Alexandra Lichtenstein, Assistant Attorney General, District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.; Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, Jane Elinor Notz, Solicitor General, Sarah A. Hunger, Deputy Solicitor General, State of Illinois, Chicago, IL; Rob Bonta, Attorney General, State of California, Sacramento, CA; William Tong, Attorney General, State of Connecticut, Hartford, CT; Kathleen Jennings, Attorney General, State of Delaware, Wilmington, DE; Anne E. Lopez, Attorney General, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Anthony G. Brown, Attorney General, State of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth N. Dewar, Acting Attorney General, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA; Dana Nessel, Attorney General, State of Michigan, Lansing, MI; Keith Ellison, Attorney General, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney General, State of New Jersey, Trenton, NJ; Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, State of Oregon, Salem, OR; Peter F. Neronha, Attorney General, State of Rhode Island, Providence, RI; Charity R. Clark, Attorney General, State of Vermont, Montpelier, VT; Robert W. Ferguson, Attorney General, State of Washington, Olympia, WA; Edward E. Manibusan, Attorney General, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, MP, for Amici Curiae the District of Columbia, the States of Illinois, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, and the Northern Mariana Islands, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Brian L. Schwab, Attorney General, Caroline S. Van Zile, Solicitor General, Ashwin P. Phatak, Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Alexandra Lichtenstein, Assistant Attorney General, District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.; Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, Jane Elinor Notz, Solicitor General, Sarah A. Hunger, Deputy Solicitor General, State of Illinois, Chicago, IL; Rob Bonta, Attorney General, State of California, Sacramento, CA; William Tong, Attorney General, State of Connecticut, Hartford, CT; Kathleen Jennings, Attorney General, State of Delaware, Wilmington, DE; Anne E. Lopez, Attorney General, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Anthony G. Brown, Attorney General, State of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Andrea Joy Campbell, Attorney General, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA; Dana Nessel, Attorney General, State of Michigan, Lansing, MI; Keith Ellison, Attorney General, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney General, State of New Jersey, Trenton, NJ; Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, State of Oregon, Salem, OR; Michelle A. Henry, Acting Attorney General, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA; Peter F. Neronha, Attorney General, State of Rhode Island, Providence, RI; Charity R. Clark, Attorney General, State of Vermont, Montpelier, VT; Robert W. Ferguson, Attorney General, State of Washington, Olympia, WA, for Amici Curiae the District of Columbia and the States of Illinois, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Christian v. Chiumento.

Brian L. Schwab, Attorney General, Caroline S. Van Zile, Solicitor General, Ashwin P. Phatak, Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Alexandra Lichtenstein, Assistant Attorney General, District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.; Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, Jane Elinor Notz, Solicitor General, Sarah A. Hunger, Deputy Solicitor General, State of Illinois, Chicago, IL; Rob Bonta, Attorney General, State of California, Sacramento, CA; Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, State of Colorado, Denver, CO; William Tong, Attorney General, State of Connecticut, Hartford, CT; Kathleen Jennings, Attorney General, State of Delaware, Wilmington, DE; Anne E. Lopez, Attorney General, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; Anthony G. Brown, Attorney General, State of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Andrea Joy Campell, Attorney General, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA; Dana Nessel, Attorney General, State of Michigan, Lansing, MI; Keith Ellison, Attorney General, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney General, State of New Jersey, Trenton, NJ; Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, State of Oregon, Salem, OR; Michelle A. Henry, Acting Attorney General, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA; Peter F. Neronha, Attorney General, State of Rhode Island, Providence, RI; Charity R. Clark, Attorney General, State of Vermont, Montpelier, VT; Robert W. Ferguson, Attorney General, State of Washington, Olympia, WA; Joshua L. Kaul, Attorney General, State of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; for Amici Curiae the District of Columbia and the States of Illinois, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin, in support of Defendants-Appellants in Hardaway v. Chiumento.

Anna Diakun, Katherine Fallow, Alex Abdo, Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, for Amici Curiae the Asian Pacific American Gun Owners Association, the DC Project Foundation, the Liberal Gun Club, the National African American Gun Association, Operation Blazing Sword-Pink Pistols, and the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Noel J. Francisco, Robert N. Stander, Jones Day, Washington, DC; Sarah E. Welch, Jones Day, Cleveland, OH; Eric C. Rassbach, The Hugh and Hazel Darling Foundation Religious Liberty Clinic at Pepperdine Caruso School of Law, Malibu, CA; Wade J. Callendar, Callender & Co., LLC, Plano, TX, for Amicus Curiae Congregation Beth Aron D'Karlin, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Spencer v. Chiumento.

Austin Kundsen, Attorney General, Chistian B. Corrigan, Solicitor General, Peter M. Torstensen, Jr. Assistant Solicitor General, State of Montana, Helena, MT; Steve Marshall, Attorney General, State of Alabama, Montgomery, AL; Tim Griffin, Attorney General, State of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR; Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General, State of Georgia, Atlanta, GA; Raúl R. Labrador, Attorney General, State of Idaho, Boise, ID; Theodore E. Rokita, Attorney General, State of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN; Brenna Bird, Attorney General, State of Iowa, Des Moines, IA; Kris Kobach, Attorney General, State of Kansas, Topeka, KS; Daniel Cameron, Attorney General, State of Kentucky, Frankfort, KY; Jeff Landry, Attorney General, State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA; Lynn Fitch, Attorney General, State of Mississippi, Jackson, MS; Andrew Bailey, Attorney General, State of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO; John M. Formella, Attorney General, State of New Hampshire, Concord, NH; Gentner F. Drummond Attorney General, State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK; Alan Wilson, Attorney General, State of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; Marty J. Jackley, Attorney General, State of South Dakota, Pierre, SD; Ken Paxton, Attorney General, State of Texas, Austin, TX; Patrick Morrisey, Attorney General, State of West Virginia, Charleston, WV; Bridget Hill, Attorney General, State of Wyoming, Cheyenne, WY, for Amici Curiae the States of Montana, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, West Virginia, and Wyoming, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Hardaway v. Chiumento and Spencer v. Chiumento.

Stephen R. Klein, Barr & Klein PLLC, Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae New York State Firearms Association, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Dan M. Peterson, Dan M. Peterson PLLC, Fairfax, VA; C.D. Michel, Michel & Associates, P.C., Long Beach, CA, for Amici Curiae New York State Sheriffs' Association, National Association of Chiefs of Police, Western States Sheriffs' Association, California State Sheriffs' Association, International Law Enforcement Educators and Trainers Association, Law Enforcement Legal Defense Fund, Connecticut Citizens Defense League, CRPA Foundation, Gun Owners' Action League Massachusetts, Gun Owners of California, Second Amendment Law Center, Vermont Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs, Vermont State Rifle & Pistol Association, and Virginia Shooting Sports Association, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

David C. Tyron, Robert Alt, Jay R. Carson, Alex M. Certo, The Buckeye Institute, Columbus, OH, for Amicus Curiae Project 21, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Christian v. Chiumento.

Bradley A. Benbrook, Stephen M. Duvernay, Benbrook Law Group, PC, Sacramento, CA, for Amicus Curiae The Center for Human Liberty, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Antonyuk v. Chiumento.

Jay Alan Sekulow, The American Center for Law & Justice, Washington, DC, for Amici Curiae The Synagogue Security Council of North America and The American Center for Law & Justice, in support of Plaintiffs-Appellees in Spencer v. Chiumento.

Before: Jacobs, Lynch, and Lee, Circuit Judges.


Contents

BACKGROUND...288

I. Regulatory Background...289

A. Licensing...290

B. Sensitive Locations...290

C. Restricted Locations...291

II. Procedural History...291

A. Antonyuk.....

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