Stephen A. Higginson, Circuit Judge:
In 1979, Congress authorized Article III judges to refer civil cases to non-Article III magistrate judges "[u]pon consent of the parties." Federal Magistrate Act of 1979, Pub. L. No. 96-82, 93 Stat. 643, 643. Five years later, then-Judge Anthony Kennedy explained, writing for the en banc Ninth Circuit...
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