Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
ARGUED: Donald B. Verrilli, Jr. , MUNGER, TOLLES & OLSON LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Erin Elizabeth Wilcox , PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Sacramento, California, for Appellee. Sydney Foster , UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Amicus United States. Andrew Nathan Ferguson , OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Amicus Commonwealth of Virginia. ON BRIEF: Sona Rewari , Washington, D.C., Trevor S. Cox , HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond, Virginia; Ginger D. Andrews , Xiaonan April Hu , Washington, D.C., Mica L. Moore , MUNGER, TOLLES & OLSON LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Appellant. Glenn E. Roper , Highlands Ranch, Colorado, Alison E. Somin , Arlington, Virginia, Christopher M. Kieser , Joshua P. Thompson , PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Sacramento, California, for Appellee. Jin Hee Lee , Michaele N. Turnage Young , NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC., Washington, D.C.; Niyati Shah , Eri Andriola , ASIAN AMERICANS ADVANCING JUSTICE-AAJC, Washington, D.C.; Francisca D. Fajana , LATINOJUSTICE PRLDEF, New York, New York; Arthur Luk , Christine J. Choi , Elizabeth Denning , Megan Pieper , ARNOLD & PORTER KAYE SCHOLER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici TJ Alumni for Racial Justice; Virginia State Conference of the NAACP; CASA Inc.; Hispanic Federation; Asian American Youth Leadership Empowerment and Development; and Hamkae Center. Jason S. Miyares , Attorney General, Charles H. Slemp, III , Chief Deputy Attorney General, Erika L. Maley , Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Kevin M. Gallagher , Deputy Solicitor General, Annie Chiang , Assistant Solicitor General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia for Amicus Commonwealth of Virginia. Steve Marshall , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALABAMA, Montgomery, Alabama, for Amicus State of Alabama. Leslie Rutledge , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARKANSAS, Little Rock, Arkansas, for Amicus State of Arkansas. Derek Schmidt , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF KANSAS, Topeka, Kansas for Amicus State of Kansas. Jeff Landry , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF LOUISIANA, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for Amicus State of Louisiana. Austin Knudsen , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MONTANA, Helena, Montana, for Amicus State of Montana. John O'Connor , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OKLAHOMA, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Amicus State of Oklahoma. Ken Paxton , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS, Austin, Texas, for Amicus State of Texas. Patrick Morrisey , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WEST VIRGINIA, Charleston, West Virginia, for Amicus State of West Virginia. Mark Brnovich , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARIZONA, Phoenix, Arizona, for Amicus State of Arizona. Christopher M. Carr , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GEORGIA, Atlanta, Georgia, for Amicus State of Georgia. Daniel Cameron , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF KENTUCKY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Amicus Commonwealth of Kentucky. Eric Schmitt , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MISSOURI, Jefferson City, Missouri, for Amicus State of Missouri. Douglas J. Peterson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEBRASKA, Lincoln, Nebraska, for Amicus State of Nebraska. Alan Wilson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia, South Carolina, for Amicus State of South Carolina. Sean D. Reyes , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF UTAH, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Amicus State of Utah. Maura Healey , Attorney General, Elizabeth N. Dewar , State Solicitor, Robert E. Toone, Jr. , Chief, Government Bureau, Ann E. Lynch , Assistant Attorney General, David Ureña , Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amicus Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Robert Bonta , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CALIFORNIA, Sacramento, California, for Amicus State of California. Philip J. Weiser , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF COLORADO, Denver, Colorado, for Amicus State of Colorado. Kathleen Jennings , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF DELAWARE, Wilmington, Delaware, for Amicus State of Delaware. Karl A. Racine , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, D.C., for Amicus District of Columbia. Holly T. Shikada , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF HAWAII, Honolulu, Hawaii, for Amicus State of Hawaii. Kwame Raoul , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ILLINOIS, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus State of Illinois. Aaron M. Frey , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MAINE, Augusta, Maine, for Amicus State of Maine. Brian E. Frosh , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland, for Amicus State of Maryland. Dana Nessel , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MICHIGAN, Lansing, Michigan, for Amicus State of Michigan. Keith Ellison , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MINNESOTA, St. Paul, Minnesota, for Amicus State of Minnesota. Hector Balderas , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW MEXICO, Santa Fe, New Mexico, for Amicus State of New Mexico. Letitia James , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW YORK, New York, New York, for Amicus State of New York. Ellen F. Rosenblum , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OREGON, Salem, Oregon, for Amicus State of Oregon. Thomas J. Donovan, Jr. , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VERMONT, Montpelier, Vermont, for Amicus State of Vermont. Robert W. Ferguson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WASHINGTON, Olympia, Washington, for Amicus State of Washington. Susan M. Pelletier , Washington, D.C., Debo P. Adegbile , Clara S. Spera , Lydia J. Turnage , WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP, New York, New York, for Amici Professors of Social Science and Education Policy. Kristen Clarke , Assistant Attorney General, Nicolas Y. Riley , Civil Rights Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Lisa Brown , General Counsel, Daniel Kim , Adina Cole , Jessica Wolland , Office of the General Counsel, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Washington, D.C., for Amicus United States. Sarah Hinger , Erika Kelley , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, New York, New York; Eden B. Heilman , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia; Jon Greenbaum , David Hinojosa , Genevieve Bonadies Torres , LAWYERS' COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS UNDER LAW, Washington, D.C.; Kaitlin Banner , Marja K. Plater , WASHINGTON LAWYERS' COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS AND URBAN AFFAIRS, Washington, D.C., for Amici National Coalition on School Diversity, Poverty & Race Research Action Council, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Virginia, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, and Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights. Kimberly S. Hermann , Celia Howard O'Leary , SOUTHEASTERN LEGAL FOUNDATION, Roswell, Georgia, for Amicus Southeastern Legal Foundation. T. Russell Nobile , Gulfport, Mississippi, Robert D. Popper , Eric Lee , JUDICIAL WATCH, INC., Washington, D.C., for Amici Judicial Watch, Inc. and Allied Educational Foundation. Ilya Shapiro , THE MANHATTAN INSTITUTE, Falls Church, Virginia; Daniel I. Morenoff , THE AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS PROJECT, Dallas, Texas, for Amici The American Civil Rights Project and The Manhattan Institute. Gary M. Lawkowski , DHILLON LAW GROUP, INC., Alexandria, Virginia; Sue Ghosh Stricklett , AMERICAN HINDU COALITION, Sterling, Virginia, for Amici The American Hindu Coalition, Chinese American Citizens Alliance — Greater New York, The Friends of Lowell Foundation, No Left Turn in Education, Parent Leaders for Accelerated Curriculum and Education NYC, The Richmond Jewish Coalition, and United Against Antisemitism — NOVA. Steve Marshall , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALABAMA, Montgomery, Alabama, for Amicus State of Alabama. Leslie Rutledge , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARKANSAS, Little Rock, Arkansas, for Amicus State of Arkansas. Derek Schmidt , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF KANSAS, Topeka, Kansas, for Amicus State of Kansas. Jeff Landry , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF LOUISIANA, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for Amicus State of Louisiana. Austin Knudsen , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MONTANA, Helena, Montana, for Amicus State of Montana. John O'Connor , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OKLAHOMA, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Amicus State of Oklahoma. Ken Paxton , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS, Austin, Texas, for Amicus State of Texas. Patrick Morrisey , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WEST VIRGINIA, Charleston, West Virginia, for Amicus State of West Virginia. Mark Brnovich , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARIZONA, Phoenix, Arizona, for Amicus State of Arizona. Christopher M. Carr , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GEORGIA, Atlanta, Georgia, for Amicus State of Georgia. Daniel Cameron , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF KENTUCKY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Amicus Commonwealth of Kentucky. Eric Schmitt , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MISSOURI, Jefferson City, Missouri, for Amicus State of Missouri. Douglas J. Peterson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEBRASKA, Lincoln, Nebraska, for Amicus State of Nebraska. Alan Wilson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia, South Carolina, for Amicus State of South Carolina. Sean D. Reyes , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF UTAH, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Amicus State of Utah. Daniel R. Suhr , Jeffrey D. Jennings , LIBERTY JUSTICE CENTER, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus Liberty Justice Center. Lee C. Cheng , ASIAN AMERICAN LEGAL FOUNDATION, San Francisco, California; Gordon M. Fauth, Jr. , LITIGATION LAW GROUP, Berkeley, California, for Amici The Asian American Coalition for Education and The Asian American Legal Foundation. Shawnna M. Yashar , Dunn Loring, Virginia, for Amici Fairfax County Parents Association and Fairfax County Association for the Gifted.
Reversed and remanded by published opinion. Judge King wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge Heytens joined. Judge Heytens wrote a concurring opinion. Judge Rushing wrote a dissenting opinion.
