UNITED STATES v. MANLEY

No. 20-6812.

52 F.4th 143 (2022)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Martin Jay MANLEY, a/k/a Buck, Defendant-Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided: October 26, 2022.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: Jacob Smith , Holly Chaisson , UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF LAW, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellant. Jacqueline Romy Bechara , OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: J. Scott Ballenger , Appellate Litigation Clinic, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF LAW, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellant. Raj Parekh , Acting United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, Richard D. Cooke , Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion for the court in Parts I, II, and IV, in which Judge Diaz and Judge Quattlebaum concurred. Judge Niemeyer wrote an opinion in Part III.


The issue presented in this appeal is whether offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 1959 (violent crimes in aid of racketeering activity, commonly referred to as "VICAR") — in particular, VICAR assault and VICAR murder — must...

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