ALLEN v. ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION, LLC

No. 19-2197.

32 F.4th 1239 (2022)

Joe C. ALLEN, Jr.; Carol Anagal; Cheryl Armenta; Duane Aspaas; Leontyne Atcitty; Lula Atcitty; Wilford Atson; Hilda Baldwin; Aaron Barber; Daisy Barber; Paul Barber; Roger Barber; Alice Begay; Andy Begay; Arlene Begay; Bernita Begay; Betty Begay; Caroline Begay; Charlene Begay; Corlivia Begaye; Elizabeth Begay; Eric Begay; Helen Begay; Jacqueline L. Begay; Jacqueline S. Begay; Jonah Begay; Judy Begay; Mae Begay; Marylita Begay; Roy Begay; Sandra Begay; Virginia Begay; Wayne Begay; Etta Begaye; Jenathan Begaye; Richard Begaye; Robert Bekise; David Ben; Rechelleda Benallie; Dina Benally; Ernest Benally; Harry Benally; Jeannie Benally; Max Benally; Nina Benally; Pearlene Benally; Rose Benally; Steve Benally; Susan Benally; Wanda Benally; Larena Benn; Lynalla Benn; Shirley BIA; Priscilla Bigman; Vernida Bissonette; Lorraine Black; Mable Black; Taylor Black; Tom Blackhorse; Annie Blueeyes; Scott Brady; Andrew Brewster; Darlene Bronston; Janice Terri Brown; Jackson Bunny, Jr.; Albert Bylilly; Harrison Cattleman, Jr.; Sammy Charley; Wilma Charley; Darrell Clah; Benjamin Clark; Mary Clark; Toni Claw; Lahoma Cly; Stella Cly; Doris Coolidge; Jimmie Coolidge; Wilbert Cowboy, Jr.; Alfred Curley; Don Curley, Jr.; Melvin Curley; Martha Curtis; Rachel Dee; Davidson DeVore; Lucy Dick; Marlene Dobey; Elton Dodge; Susie Dodge; Tommy Draper; Bessie Duncan; Cecil Duncan; Thurston Eddie; Herman Enoah; Mary Enoah; Vernese Esplain; Allen E. Etsitty; Bertha A. Etsitty; Huron Etsitty; Rena Fasthorse; Janice Frank; Sarah Frank; Gene Fred; Kee Dan; Loren Garnanez; Shalina Grandson; James Grant; Crystal Grey; Reyvette Grey; Shawna Hamm; Julie Harrison; Margaret Harrison; Hubert Harwood; Emerson Hatathley; Loretta Hatathley; Anita Hayes; Perry Hayes; Robert Hayes; Robin Hayes; Wallace Hayes; Louise Henderson; Annie Henry; Elsie Henry; Freddie Hobson; Joanne Holliday; Tom Horse; Daisy Houser; Helen Howard; Herman Hunt; Irita James; Eddie Jay; Garry Jay; Mary Jay; Charley Jim; Daniel Jim; Darrell Jim; Fannie Marie Jim; Geneva Jim; Jonah Jim; Kyle Jim; Norman Jim, Sr.; Sheila Jim; Virgina Jim; Elsie Joe; Lita Joe; Frank John, Jr.; Herman John; Harrison Johnson; Jessie Johnson; Anne Johnson; Jean Jones; Lena J. Jones; Raymond Jones; Renita T. Jones; Theron Jones; Wesley Jones; Darren Kee; Juanita Kee; Max Kellywood, Sr.; Francine Kiefert; Florence B. King; Marlena King; Terri Lamemanaustin; Gloria Lane; Harry Lane; Ada Lansing; John Lansing; Albert H. Lee; Emerson Lee; Evelyn M. Lee; Leonard Lee, Sr.; Marie Lee; Michelle A. Lee; Roselyn Lee; Michael N. Little; Rowena Littlehat; Irene Livingston; Carmelita Lowe; Cynthia Madison; Mary Ann Manygoat; Esther Mark; Mae Martin; Gerald Maryboy; James Mason; Beverly Maxwell; Wallace McGilbert; Rosina T. Merritt; Sherrell G. Mesa; Ron Miller; Emma Mitchell; Laura M. Mitchell; Lucy B. Mitchell; Sylvia Mitchell; Marliyn Mustache; Anthony Nabahe; Betty Jones Nakai; Harry S. Nakai; Jimmy Nakai; Byron Nelson; Pauline D. Nelson; Ruby Nelson; Tonita Nelson; Ruth Nez; Annie Oldman; Raymond Oldman; Bessie S. Pelt; Harry Peshlakai, Sr.; Thomas Pete; Raymond Pettigrew; Charles Phillips; Charles D. Phillips; Dorothy Phillips; Mary J. Phillips; Vernon Phillips; Wilson Phillips; Shandie Pioche; Sarah Police; Esther Reddoor; Ella Redhouse; Lucy Rentz; Phillip Rentz; Nelson Rockwell; Perfina Rockwell; Ronnie Ross; Larry B. Sam; Bobby Sandoval; Lula Sandoval; Susie Scott; Raymond G. Sells; Roger Shaggy; Roger Sherman; Bessie Shorthair; David Shorthair; Wade Shorthair; Celeste Silas; Ella Silas; Marilyn Silas; Ruby B. Silas; Christina Silentman; James Simpson; Roger L. Simpson; George L. Sisco, Jr.; Sarah Slowman; Eric Smallcanyon; Teddy Smallcanyon; Rose Ann Tanner; Bessie Tesswood; the Estate of Leon Jones; the Estate of Rose Merritt; the Estate of Wayne Saltwater; Dora Todacheene; Jerry Todacheene; Lewis Todacheene; Charlie N. Todacheenie; Herbert Todachennie; Irene Todachennie; Bernadine Todechene; Vincent Todechene; Dorothy Todechine; Flora Todechine; Roselyn Toledo; Helen Tom; Sarah A. Tony Benally; Mary Tso; Ivan Tyler; Thomas T. Tyler; Phyllis Valdez; Anna Vigil; Cecilia Wallace; Johnson Washburn, Jr.; Johnson Washburn, Sr.; Roselyn Watchman; Clarence D. Weston; Cornelia Weston; Della Weston; Harold Williams; Lenora Williams; Herbert Willie; Lena Willie; Raymond G. Willie; Esther A. Yanito; Alice D. Yazzie; Calvin Yazzie; Earl D. Yazzie; Irvin Yazzie; Jay Yazzie; Lorenzo Yazzie; Marie Yazzie; Susie Yazzie; Laurence Bekise; Timothy Ben, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION, LLC, Defendant-Appellant, and Gold King Mines Corporation; Kinross Gold Corp.; Kinross Gold USA, Inc.; United States of America; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Sunnyside Gold Corporation; Weston Solutions, Inc., Defendants. Sunnyside Gold Corporation, Amicus-Curiae.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

FILED May 3, 2022.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Rory S. Miller , Glaser Weil Fink Howard Avchen & Shapiro LLP ( Terry D. Avchen and Peter C. Sheridan , with him on the brief), Los Angeles, California, for Defendant-Appellant Environmental Restoration, LLC.

Kate Ferlic , Egolf + Ferlic + Martinez + Harwood ( Kristina Martinez and Mark Cox , with her on the brief), Santa Fe, New Mexico, for Plaintiffs-Appellees Joe C. Allen, et al.

Before McHUGH, Circuit Judge, LUCERO, Senior Circuit Judge, and CARSON, Circuit Judge.


When Congress passed the Clean Water Act ("CWA"), 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1389, it established an all-encompassing program of water pollution regulation. The CWA preserved certain state law actions, but it set forth a detailed regulatory system—so carefully prescribed that a court must apply the point source state...

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