SCHWAB SHORT-TERM BOND MARKET v. LLOYDS BANKING

No. 17-1569, No. 17-1915, No. 17-1989, No. 17-2056, No. 17-2343, No. 17-2347, No. 17-2351, No. 17-2352, No. 17-2360, No. 17-2376, No. 17-2381, No. 17-2383, No. 17-2413 August Term 2018.

22 F.4th 103 (2021)

SCHWAB SHORT-TERM BOND MARKET FUND, Schwab Total Bond Market Fund, Schwab U.S. Dollar Liquid Assets Fund, Schwab Money Market Fund, Schwab Value Advantage Money Fund, Schwab Retirement Advantage Money Fund, Schwab Investor Money Fund, Schwab Cash Reserves, Schwab Advisor Cash Reserves, Charles Schwab Bank, N.A., Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Schwab YieldPlus Fund, Schwab YieldPlus Fund Liquidation Trust, The Charles Schwab Corporation, City of New Britain, on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated, Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, City of Houston, Vistra Energy Corporation, Yale University, Jennie Stuart Medical Center, Inc., FTC Futures Fund PCC Ltd, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, National Credit Union Administration Board, as Liquidating Agent of U.S. Central Federal Credit Union, Western Corporate Federal Credit Union, Members United Corporate Federal Credit Union, Southwest Corporate Federal Credit Union, and Constitution Corporate Federal Credit Union, Pennsylvania Intergovernmental Cooperation Authority, City of Philadelphia, Darby Financial Products, Salix Capital US Inc., Capital Ventures International, Prudential Investment Portfolios 2, fka Dryden Core Investment Fund, on behalf of Prudential Core Short-Term Bond Fund, Bay Area Toll Authority, California Public Plaintiffs, Linda Zacher, Ellen Gelboim, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Gary Francis, Metzler Investment GmbH, on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated, 303030 Trading LLC, Atlantic Trading USA, LLC, FTC Futures Fund SICAV, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Nathaniel Haynes, The County of Mendocino, County of Sonoma, County of San Mateo, The San Mateo County Joint Powers Financing Authority, City of Richmond, Richmond Joint Powers Financing Authority, Successor Agency to the Richmond Community Redevelopment Agency, County of San Diego, Riverside Public Financing Authority, David E. Sundstrom, in his official capacity as Treasurer of the county of Sonoma for and on behalf of the Sonoma County Treasury Pool Investment, City of Riverside, East Bay Municipal Utility District, County of Sacramento, San Diego Association of Governments, Regents of the University of California, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Carpenters Pension Fund of West Virginia, City of Dania Beach Police & Firefighters' Retirement System, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Ravan Investments, LLC, Richard Hershey, Jeffrey Laydon, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Roberto E. Calle Gracey, AVP Properties, LLC, Community Bank & Trust, Berkshire Bank, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Elizabeth Lieberman, on behalf of themselves and all other similarly situated, Todd Augenbaum, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, 33-35 Green Pond Road Associates, LLC, on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated, Courtyard at Amwell II, LLC, Annie Bell Adams, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Jill Court Associates II, LLC, Greenwich Commons II, LLC, Dennis Paul Fobes, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Leigh E. Fobes, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Maidencreek Ventures II LP, Raritan Commons, LLC, Margaret Lambert, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Lawrence W. Gardner, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Betty L. Gunter, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Texas Competitive Electric Holdings Company LLC, Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico, Carl A. Payne, individually, and on behalf of other members of the general public similarly situated, Guaranty Bank and Trust Company, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Kenneth W. Coker, individually, and on behalf of other members of the general public similarly situated, Joseph Amabile, Louie Amabile, individually and on behalf of Lue Trading, Inc., Norman Byster, Michael Cahill, Richard Deogracias, individually and on behalf of RCD Trading, Inc., Heather M. Earle, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Henryk Malinowski, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Marc Federighi, individually and on behalf of MCO Trading, Scott Federighi, individually and on behalf of Katsco, Inc., Linda Carr, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Eric Friedman, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Robert Furlong, individually and on behalf of XCOP, Inc., David Gough, County of Riverside, Jerry Weglarz, Brian Haggerty, individually and on behalf of BJH Futures, Inc., David Klusendorf, Nathan Weglarz, on behalf of plaintiffs and a class, Directors Financial Group, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Ronald Krug, Christopher Lang, SEIU Pension Plans Master Trust, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Highlander Realty, LLC, John Monckton, Philip Olson, Jeffrey D. Buckley, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Brett Pankau, David Vecchione, individually on behalf of Vecchione & Associates, Randall Williams, John Henderson, 303 Proprietary Trading LLC, Margery Teller, Cema Joint Venture, Nicholas Pesa, Eduardo Restani, Principal Funds, Inc., PFI Bond & Mortgage Securities Fund, PFI Bond Market Index Fund, PFI Core Plus Bond I Fund, PFI Diversified Real Asset Fund, PFI Equity Income Fund, PFI Global Diversified Income Fund, PFI Government & High Quality Bond Fund, PFI High Yield Fund, PFI High Yield Fund I, PFI Income Fund, PFI Inflation Protection Fund, PFI Short-Term Income Fund, PFI Money Market Fund, PFI Preferred Securities Fund, Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc., PVC Asset Allocation Account, PVC Money Market Account, PVC Balanced Account, PVC Bond & Mortgage Securities Account, PVC Equity Income Account, PVC Government & High Quality Bond Account, PVC Income Account, PVC Short-Term Income Account, Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company, Principal Capital Interest Only I, LLC, Principal Commercial Funding, LLC, Principal Commercial Funding II, LLC, Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC, Vito Spillone, Brian McCormick, Maxwell Van De Velde, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Independence Trading, Inc., Insulators and Asbestos Workers Local #14, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Courmont & Wapner Associates, L.P., on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated, Salix Capital Ltd., FTC Capital GMBH, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, City of New Britain Firefighters' and Police Benefit Fund, Direct Action Plaintiffs, Federal National Mortgage Association, Triaxx Prime CDO 2006-1, Ltd., Triaxx Prime CDO 2006-2, Ltd., Triaxx Prime CDO 2007-1, Ltd., Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, as Receiver, Fran P. Goldsleger, National Asbestos Workers Pension Fund, Pension Trust for Operating Engineers, Hawaii Annuity Trust Fund for Operating Engineers, Cement Masons' International Association Employees' Trust Fund, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Axiom Investment Advisors, LLC, Axiom HFT LLC, Axiom Investment Advisors Holdings L.P., Axiom Investment Company, LLC, Axiom Investment Company Holdings L.P., Axiom FX Investment Fund, L.P., Axiom FX Investment Fund II, L.P., Axiom FX Investment 2X Fund, L.P., Ephraim F. Gildor, Gildor Family Advisors L.P., Gildor Family Company L.P., Gildor Management, LLC, Prudential Core Taxable Money Market Fund, Plaintiffs, v. LLOYDS BANKING GROUP PLC, Bank of America Corporation, The Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, Credit Suisse Group AG, Deutsche Bank AG, JPMorgan Chase & Co., The Norinchukin Bank, HBOS PLC, Royal Bank of Canada, HSBC Bank PLC, Cooperatieve Rabobank U.A., fka Cooperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., Bank of America, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, Westdeutsche ImmobilienBank AG, Portigon AG, fka WestLB AG, HSBC Holdings PLC, WestLB AG, Société Generale, Cooperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., Credit Suisse International, Credit Suisse (USA), Inc., The Royal Bank of Scotland PLC, Credit Suisse AG, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., HSBC Bank USA, N.A., HSBC Finance Corporation, Barclays Capital Inc., HSBC USA, Inc., The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd., RBC Capital Markets LLC, Bank of America N.A., Citibank, N.A., UBS AG, Citigroup Inc., The Royal Bank of Scotland PLC, Société Générale S.A., UBS Securities LLC, Citi Swapco Inc., BBA Enterprises, Ltd., BBA LIBOR, Ltd., British Bankers' Association, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, fka Banc of America Securities, LLC, Citigroup Financial Products Inc., J.P. Morgan Bank Dublin PLC, fka Bear Stearns Bank PLC, UBS Limited, Credit Suisse Group International, Defendants-Appellees, Credit Agricole S.A., Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, BNP Paribas S.A., RBS Citizens, N.A., incorrectly sued as the Charter One Bank NA, RBS Citizens, N.A., Credit Suisse Group, NA, Citizens Bank of Massachusetts, Agent of RBS Citizens Bank, NA, Barclays US Funding LLC, Deutsche Bank Financial LLC, Does 1 Through 10, Societe Generale Corporate & Investment Banking, National Association, Stephanie Nagel, John Does #1-#5, National Collegiate Student Loan Trust 2007-1, Chase Bank USA, N.A., J.P. Morgan Clearing Corp., Bank of America Securities LLC, Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., UBS AG, Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, Bank of Nova Scotia, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, RBS Group, Lloyds Bank PLC, fka Lloyds Bank PLC, Citizens Bank N.A., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Lloyds Bank PLC, Citigroup Funding, Inc., Barclays PLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, fka J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Incorporated, Banc of America Securities, LLC, RBS Securities Inc., fka Greenwich Capital Markets, Inc., Lloyds TSB Bank PLC, Icap PLC, J.P. Morgan Markets Ltd., Bank of America Home Loans, Merrill Lynch Capital Services, Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Limited, Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., Merrill Lynch International Bank, Ltd., Bear Stearns Capital Markets, Inc., Barclays Capital (Cayman) Limited, Institute of International Bankers, The Clearing House Association, L.L.C., Defendants.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Decided: December 30, 2021.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Eric F. Citron ( Thomas C. Goldstein , Charles H. Davis ,* on the brief), Goldstein & Russell, P.C., Bethesda, Maryland, for Schwab Plaintiffs-Appellants and Plaintiffs-Appellants Ellen Gelboim and Linda Zacher.

Neal Kumar Katyal ( Eugene A. Sokoloff , Kirti Datla , Allison K. Turbiville , Marc J. Gottridge , Lisa J. Fried , Benjamin A. Fleming , on the brief), Hogan Lovells US LLP, Washington, D.C., for Defendants-Appellees Lloyds Banking Group plc and HBOS plc (additional counsel for the many parties and amici are listed in Appendix A).

Before: Livingston, Chief Judge, Lynch and Sullivan, Circuit Judges.


Plaintiffs-Appellants in this multidistrict litigation allege an international conspiracy to manipulate the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), a benchmark interest rate for lending money among global financial institutions. Defendants-Appellees are the sixteen panel banks involved in setting LIBOR, about...

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