CITY/COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO v. U.S. CITIZENSHIP

No. 19-17213, No. 19-17214, No. 19-35914.

944 F.3d 773 (2019)

CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO; County of Santa Clara, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, a federal agency; U.S. Department of Homeland Security, a federal agency; Chad F. Wolf, in his official capacity as Acting Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security; Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, in his official capacity as Acting Director of United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Defendants-Appellants. State of California; District of Columbia; State of Maine; Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; State of Oregon, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, a federal agency; United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, a federal agency; Chad F. Wolf, in his official capacity as Acting Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security; Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, in his official capacity as Acting Director of United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Defendants-Appellants. State of Washington; Commonwealth of Virginia; State of Colorado; State of Delaware; State of Illinois; State of Maryland; Commonwealth of Massachusetts; Dana Nessel, Attorney General on behalf of the People of Michigan; State of Minnesota; State of Nevada; State of New Jersey; State of New Mexico; State of Rhode Island; State of Hawai`i, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, a federal agency; Chad F. Wolf, in his official capacity as Acting Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security; United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, a federal agency; Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, in his official capacity as Acting Director of United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Defendants-Appellants.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed December 5, 2019.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Joseph H. Hunt , Assistant Attorney General; David L. Anderson , United States Attorney; Daniel Tenny , Gerard Sinzdak , and Joshua Dos Santos , Appellate Staff; Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Defendants-Appellants.

Dennis J. Herrera , City Attorney; Jesse C. Smith , Chief Assistant City Attorney; Ronald P. Flynn , Chief Deputy City Attorney; Yvonne R. Mere , Chief, Complex & Affirmative Litigation; Sara J. Eisenberg , Chief of Strategic Advocacy; Matthew D. Goldberg , Deputy City Attorney; City Attorney's Office, City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, California; James R. Williams , County Counsel; Greta S. Hansen , Chief Assistant County Counsel; Laura S. Trice , Lead Deputy County Counsel; Raphael N. Rajendra , Julia B. Spiegel , and H. Luke Edwards , Deputy County Counsel; Office of the County Counsel, County of Santa Clara, San Jose, California; for Plaintiffs-Appellees City and County of San Francisco, and County of Santa Clara.

Xavier Becerra , Attorney General; Matthew Rodriguez , Chief Assistant Attorney General; Michael L. Newman , Senior Assistant Attorney General; Cherokee DM Melton , Supervising Deputy Attorney General; Jennifer C. Bonilla , Lisa Cisneros , Rebekah Fretz , Katherine Lehe , Julia Harumi Mass , Anita Garcia Velasco , Brenda Ayon Verduzco , and Anna Rich , Deputy Attorneys General; Office of the Attorney General, Oakland, California; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of California.

Karl A. Racine , Attorney General; Kathleen Konopka , Deputy Attorney General, Public Advocacy Division; Alacoque Hinga Nevitt , Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Washington, D.C.; for Plaintiff-Appellee District of Columbia.

Aaron M. Frey , Attorney General; Susan P. Herman , Chief Deputy Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, Maine; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Maine.

Ellen Rosenblum , Attorney General; Benjamin Gutman , Solicitor General; Nicole DeFever and Patricia Garcia Rincon , Assistant Attorneys General; Oregon Department of Justice, Salem, Oregon; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Oregon.

Josh Shapiro , Attorney General; Michael J. Fischer , Chief Deputy Attorney General; Aimee D. Thomson , Deputy Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; for Plaintiff-Appellee Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Robert W. Ferguson , Attorney General; Jeffrey T. Sprung , Assistant Attorney General; Rene D. Tomisser , Senior Counsel; Zachary P. Jones , Joshua Weissman , Paul M. Crisalli , Nathan K. Bays , and Bryan M.S. Ovens , Assistant Attorneys General; Office of the Attorney General, Kennewick, Washington; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Washington.

Mark R. Herring , Attorney General; Michelle S. Kallen , Deputy Solicitor General; Ryan Spreague Hardy , Alice Anne Lloyd , and Mamoona H. Siddiqui , Assistant Attorneys General; Office of the Attorney General, Richmond, Virginia; for Plaintiff-Appellee Commonwealth of Virginia.

Phil Weiser , Attorney General; Eric R. Olson , Solicitor General; Office of the Attorney General, Denver, Colorado; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Colorado.

Kathleen Jennings , Attorney General; Aaron R. Goldstein , State Solicitor; Ilona Kirshon , Deputy State Solicitor; Monica A. Horton , Deputy Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Wilmington, Delaware; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Delaware.

Kwame Raoul , Attorney General; Liza Roberson-Young , Public Interest Counsel; Office of the Attorney General, Chicago, Illinois; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Illinois.

Clare E. Connors , Attorney General; Lili A. Young , Deputy Attorney General; Department of the Attorney General, Honolulu, Hawai`i; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Hawai`i.

Brian E. Frosh , Attorney General; Jeffrey P. Dunlap , Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Baltimore, Maryland; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Maryland.

Maura Healey , Attorney General; Abigail B. Taylor , Chief, Civil Rights Division; David Urena , Special Assistant Attorney General; Angela Brooks , Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Boston, Massachusetts; for Plaintiff-Appellee Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Dana Nessel , Attorney General; Fadwa A. Hammoud , Solicitor General; Toni L. Harris , First Assistant Attorney General; Michigan Department of Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan; for Plaintiff-Appellee Dana Nessel on behalf of the People of Michigan.

Keith Ellison , Attorney General; R.J. Detrick , Assistant Attorney General; Attorney General's Office, St. Paul, Minnesota; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Minnesota.

Aaron D. Ford , Attorney General; Heidi Parry Stern , Solicitor General; Office of the Attorney General, Las Vegas, Nevada; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Nevada.

Gurbir Singh Grewal , Attorney General; Glenn J. Moramarco , Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Trenton, New Jersey; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of New Jersey.

Hector Balderas , Attorney General; Tania Maestas , Chief Deputy Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Santa Fe, New Mexico; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of New Mexico.

Peter F. Neronha , Attorney General; Lauren E. Hill , Special Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Providence, Rhode Island; for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Rhode Island.

Edward T. Waters , Phillip A. Escoriaza , and Amanda N. Pervine , Feldesman Tucker Leifer Fidell LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Public Health, Health Policy, Medicine, and Nursing Deans, Chairs, and Scholars; The American Public Health Association; and The American Academy of Nursing.

R. Adam Lauridsen , Chessie Thacher , Victor H. Yu , and Nicholas R. Green , Keker Van Nest & Peters LLP, San Francisco, California, for Amici Curiae National Housing Law Project, Food Research & Action Center, and Center for Law & Social Policy.

Concurrence by Judge Bybee; Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge Owens.


ORDER

Since 1882, when the Congress enacted the first comprehensive immigration statute, U.S. law has prohibited the admission to the United States of "any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge." Act of Aug. 3, 1882, ch. 376, § 2, 22 Stat. 214 (1882). Although the precise...

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