NAT. WILDLIFE v. NAT. MARINE FISHERIES

No. 17-35462, No. 17-35463, No. 17-35465, No. 17-35466, No. 17-35467, No. 17-35502, No. 18-35111, No. 18-35152.

886 F.3d 803 (2018)

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, STATE of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants-Appellants, and State of Washington; State of Montana; State of Idaho; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest River Partners; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association, Intervenor-Defendants. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants, State of Washington; State of Montana; State of Idaho; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-snake River Irrigators Association, Intervenor-Defendants, and Northwest River Partners, Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants, State of Washington; State of Montana; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest River Partners; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association, Intervenor-Defendants, and State of Idaho, Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants, State of Washington; State of Montana; State of Idaho; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Northwest River Partners; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association, Intervenor-Defendants, and Inland Ports and Navigation Group, Intervenor-Defendant-appellant. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants, State of Washington; State of Idaho; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest River Partners; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association, Intervenor-Defendants, and State of Montana, Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants, State of Washington; State of Montana; State of Idaho; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest River Partners; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association, Intervenor-Defendants, and Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Intervenor-Defendants-Appellants. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants-Appellants, and State of Washington; State of Montana; State of Idaho; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest River Partners; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Intervenor-Defendants. National Wildlife Federation; Idaho Wildlife Federation; Washington Wildlife Federation; Sierra Club; Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, Inc.; Institute for Fisheries Resources; Idaho Rivers United; Idaho Steelhead and Salmon United; Northwest Sport Fishing Industry Association; Salmon for All; Columbia Riverkeeper; NW Energy Coalition; Federation of Fly Fishers; American Rivers, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, State of Oregon, Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee, v. National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers; United States Bureau of Reclamation, Defendants, State of Washington; State of Montana; State of Idaho; Inland Ports and Navigation Group; Northwest Irrigation Utilities; Public Power Council; Columbia-Snake River Irrigators Association; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho; Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Intervenor-Defendants, and Northwest River Partners, Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed April 2, 2018.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Stephen Daniel Mashuda , Todd D. True , Attorney, Earthjustice, Seattle, WA, Daniel John Rohlf , Counsel, Portland, OR, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Carson Leonard Whitehead , Assistant Attorney General, Oregon Department of Justice, Salem, OR, for Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellee.

Michael Richard Eitel , Environment & Natural Resources Division, Denver, CO, Coby Howell , Portland, OR, Romney Philpott , Ellen J. Durkee , Emily Anne Polachek , Attorneys, Environment & Natural Resources Division, Washington, DC, for Defendants-Appellants.

Beth S. Ginsberg , Jason T. Morgan , Attorney, Stoel Rives LLP, Seattle, WA, for Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant for NORTHWEST RIVER PARTNERS.

Clay R. Smith , Steven William Strack , Assistant Attorney Generals, AGID — Idaho Office of the Attorney General, Boise, ID, for Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant for STATE OF IDAHO.

Jeremiah D. Weiner , Assistant Attorney General, AGMT — Office of the Montana Attorney General (Helena), for Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant for STATE OF MONTANA.

William Kenneth Barquin , Kootenai Tribe (Portland Office), Legal Department, Attorney General, Julie A. Weis, Esquire , Attorney, Haglund Kelley LLP, Portland, OR, for Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant for KOOTENAI TRIBE OF IDAHO.

John Harrison, Esquire , Attorney, Stuart M. Levit , Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes, Legal Department, Pablo, MT, for Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant for CONFEDERATED SALISH AND KOOTENAI TRIBES.

David J. Cummings, Esquire , Attorney, OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL NEZ PERCE, Geoffrey M. Whiting , Nez Perce Tribe , Office of Legal Counsel, Lapwai, ID, Amicus Curiae for NEZ PERCE TRIBE.

BEFORE: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and TASHIMA and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.


OPINION

These consolidated appeals are the latest round of a long-running dispute over salmon and steelhead species listed under the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544. Three federal agencies (collectively, "federal defendants"), joined by intervenor...

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