IN RE U.S.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Hashim M. Mooppan (argued), Deputy Assistant Attorney General; Mark B. Stern , Abby C. Wright , and Thomas Pulham , Appellate Staff; Brian Stretch, United States Attorney; Chad A. Readler ; Acting Assistant Attorney General; Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Petitioners.

Michael J. Mongan (argued), Deputy Solicitor General; James F. Zahradka II , Christine Chuang , Rebekah A. Fretz , Ronald H. Lee , Kathleen Vermazen Radez , and Shubhara Shivpuri , Deputy Attorneys General; Michael L. Newman , Supervising Deputy Attorney General; Edward C. DuMont , Solicitor General; Xavier Becerra , Attorney General; California Department of Justice, San Francisco, California; for Real Party in Interest State of California.

Jeffrey M. Davidson and Alan Bersin , Covington & Burling LLP, San Francisco, California; Megan A. Crowley , Alexander A. Berengaut , Mark H. Lynch , and Lanny A. Breuer , Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, D.C.; Mónica Ramirez Almadani , Los Angeles, California; Margaret Wu , Charles F. Robinson , Michael Troncoso , Harpreet Chahal , Norman Hamill , Sonya Sanchez , and Julia M. C. Friedlander , Office of the General Counsel, University of California, Oakland, California; for Real Parties in Interest Regents of the University of California and Janet Napolitano.

Susan P. Herman , Deputy Attorney General; Janet T. Mills , Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, Maine; for Real Party in Interest State of Maine.

Julianna F. Passe , Assistant Attorney General; Lori Swanson , Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; for Real Party in Interest State of Minnesota.

Steven M. Sullivan , Solicitor General; Brian E. Frosh , Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Baltimore, Maryland; for Real Party in Interest State of Maryland.

Tamarah P. Prevost , Brain Danitz , Nancy L. Fineman , and Joseph W. Cotchett , Cotchett Pitre & McCarthy LLP, Burlingame, California; Nora Frimann and Richard Doyle , Office of the City Attorney, San Jose, California; for Real Party in Interest City of San Jose.

Jesse S. Gabriel , Kirsten Galler , and Theodore J. Boutrous Jr. , Gibson Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Los Angeles, California; Ethan D. Dettmer , Gibson Dunn & Crutcher LLP, San Francisco, California; Judy London and Mark D. Rosenbaum , Public Counsel, Los Angeles, California; Luis Cortes Romero , Barrera Legal Group PLLC; Laurence H. Tribe , Cambridge, Massachusetts; Erwin Chemerinsky , Berkeley, California; Leah M. Litman , Irvine, California; for Real Parties in Interest Dulce Garcia, Miriam Gonzalez Avila, Viridiana Chabolla Mendoza, Norma Ramirez, Jirayut Latthivongskorn, and Saul Jimenez Suarez.

Marcelo Quiñones , Laura S. Trice , Greta S. Hansen , and James R. Williams , County Counsel; Office of the County Counsel, San Jose, California; for Real Party in Interest County of Santa Clara.

Eric P. Brown , Stacey M. Leyton , and Jonathan Weissglass , Altshuler Berzon LLP, San Francisco, California, for Real Parties in Interest County of Santa Clara and SEIU Local 521.

Peter Karanjia and Geoffrey S. Brounell , Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Washington, D.C.; Ambika Doran , Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Seattle, Washington; for Amicus Curiae United We Dream.

Michael E. Wall , San Francisco, California, as and for Amicus Curiae Natural Resources Defense Council.

Order by Judges Wardlaw and Gould, Dissent by Judge Watford.