Alec MARSH, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
J. ALEXANDER'S LLC, Defendant-Appellee.
Crystal Sheehan, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Romulus Incorporated, dba International House of Pancakes, Defendant-Appellee.
Silvia Alarcon, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Arriba Enterprises Incorporated, dba Arriba Mexican Grill, Defendant-Appellee.
Sarosha Hogan; Nicholas Jackson; Skylar Vazquez; Thomas Armstrong; Philip Todd; Maria Hurkmans, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
American Multi-Cinema, Inc., dba AMC Theatres Esplanade 14, Defendant-Appellee.
Nathan Llanos, an individual, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Inc., Defendant-Appellee.
Kristen Romero, an individual, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Inc., Defendant-Appellee.
Andrew Fields, an individual, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Inc., Defendant-Appellee.
Alto Williams, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
American Blue Ribbons Holdings LLC, Defendant-Appellee.
Stephanie R. Fausnacht, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Lion's Den Management, LLC, dba Denny's, Defendant-Appellee.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Argued and Submitted April 20, 2017 San Francisco, California.
Paul DeCamp (argued), Jackson Lewis P.C., Reston, Virginia; Stephanie M. Cerasano , Jackson Lewis P.C., Phoenix, Arizona; for Defendant-Appellee P.F. Chang's China Bistro.
Karen L. Karr , Clark Hill PLC, Scottsdale, Arizona, for Defendants-Appellees Arriba Enterprises Inc. and Lion's Den Management LLC.
Tracy A. Miller , Ogletree Deakins Nash Smoak & Stewart P.C., Phoenix, Arizona, for Defendant-Appellant American Multi-Cinema Inc.
Caroline Larsen and Alexandra J. Gill , Ogletree Deakins Nash Smoak & Stewart P.C., Phoenix, Arizona, for Defendant-Appellee American Blue Ribbon Holdings LLC.
Sarah K. Marcus (argued), Senior Attorney; Paul L. Frieden , Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Jennifer S. Brand , Associate Solicitor; M. Patricia Smith , Solicitor of Labor; Office of the Solicitor, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae Secretary of Labor.
Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge Paez.
OPINION
IKUTA, Circuit Judge:
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) generally requires employers to pay a cash wage of $7.25 per hour to their employees. 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)(c). But where an "employee engage[s] in an occupation in which he customarily and regularly receives more than $30 a month in tips," id. §...
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