BISHOP v. WELLS FARGO & CO.

Docket No. 15-2449.

823 F.3d 35 (2016)

Paul BISHOP, Robert Kraus, United States of America, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, Plaintiffs-Appellants, State of New York, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Delaware, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, District of Columbia, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Florida, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Hawaii, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of California, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Indiana, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Illinois, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Minnesota, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Nevada, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of New Hampshire, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of New Mexico, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Montana, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of North Carolina, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of New Jersey, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Oklahoma, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Rhode Island, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, State of Tennessee, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, Commonwealth of Virginia, ex rel. Paul Bishop, ex rel. Robert Kraus, Plaintiffs, v. WELLS FARGO & COMPANY, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Decided: May 5, 2016.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Joel M. Androphy , Zenobia Harris Bivens ( Rachel L. Grier , on the brief), Berg & Androphy, Houston, TX ( George C. Pratt , Uniondale, NY, on the brief), for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Gerald A. Novack , K & L Gates LLP, New York, N.Y. ( Amy P. Williams , K & L Gates LLP, Charlotte, NC; Noam A. Kutler , K & L Gates LLP, WA, DC, on the brief), Michael M. Agosta , K&L Gates, LLP, New York, on the brief), for Defendants-Appellees.

Before: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, SACK and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.


At the heart of the case before us is the False Claims Act ("FCA"), which forbids "knowingly present[ing], or caus[ing] to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval" to the United States government. 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A). In 2011, Robert Kraus and Paul Bishop (together, the "relators") brought...

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