Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
ARGUED: Aaron D. Lindstrom , Office of the Michigan Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellant in 14-1341. Carole M. Stanyar , Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellees in 14-1341. Eric E. Murphy , Office of the Ohio Attorney General, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant in 14-3057 and 14-3464. Alphonse A. Gerhardstein , Gerhardstein & Branch Co. LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellees in 14-3057 and 14-3464. Leigh Gross Latherow , VanAntwerp, Monge, Jones, Edwards & McCann, LLP, Ashland, Kentucky, for Appellant in 14-5291 and 14-5818. Laura E. Landenwich , Clay Daniel Walton & Adams, PLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees in 14-5291 and 14-5818. Joseph F. Whalen , Office of the Tennessee Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants in 14-5297. William L. Harbison , Sherrard & Roe, PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees in 14-5297. ON BRIEF: 14-1341: Aaron D. Lindstrom , Kristin M. Heyse , Office of the Michigan Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellant. Carole M. Stanyar , Ann Arbor, Michigan, Dana M. Nessel , Detroit, Michigan, Robert A. Sedler , Wayne State University Law School, Detroit, Michigan, Kenneth M. Mogill , Mogill, Posner & Cohen, Lake Orion, Michigan, for Appellees. Kyle J. Bristow , Bristow Law, PLLC, Clarkston, Michigan, Alphonse A. Gerhardstein , Gerhardstein & Branch Co. LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, David A. Robinson , North Haven, Connecticut, Deborah J. Dewart , Swansboro, North Carolina, Paul Benjamin Linton , Northbrook, Illinois, James R. Wierenga , David & Wierenga, P.C., Grand Rapids, Michigan, Eric Rassbach , The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, Washington, D.C., James J. Walsh , Thomas J. Rheaume, Jr. , Bodman PLC, Detroit, Michigan, William J. Olson , William J. Olson, P.C., Vienna, Virginia, Lawrence J. Joseph , Washington, D.C., Thomas M. Fisher , Office of the Attorney General of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, Mary E. McAlister , Liberty Counsel, Lynchburg, Virginia, Mathew D. Staver , Anita L. Staver , Liberty Counsel, Orlando, Florida, Anthony R. Picarello, Jr. , Jeffrey Hunter Moon , Michael F. Moses , U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, D.C., Alexander Dushku , R. Shawn Gunnarson , Kirton McConkie, Salt Lake City, Utah, Erin Elizabeth Mersino , Thomas More Law Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, David Boyle , Long Beach, California, Benjamin G. Shatz , Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Los Angeles, California, Elizabeth B. Wydra , Constitutional Accountability Center, Washington, D.C., Paul M. Smith , Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, D.C., Catherine E. Stetson , Hogan Lovells U.S. LLP, Washington, D.C., Jason Walta , National Education Association, Washington, D.C., Diana Raimi , Jaffe Raitt Heuer & Weiss, P.C., Ann Arbor, Michigan, Rocky C. Tsai , Ropes & Gray LLP, San Francisco, California, Alan M. Gershel , Thomas M. Cooley Law School, Auburn Hills, Michigan, Jerome C. Roth , Nicole S. Phillis , Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP, San Francisco, California, Andrew J. Davis , Folger Levin LLP, San Francisco, California, Nicholas M. O'Donnell , Sullivan & Worcester LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Sean R. Gallagher , Polsinelli PC, Denver, Colorado, Mark C. Fleming , Felicia H. Ellsworth , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Paul R.Q. Wolfson , Dina B. Mishra , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., Alan Schoenfeld , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New York, Diane M. Soubly , Stevenson Keppelman Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ria Tabacco Mar , NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., New York, New York, Christy L. Anderson , Bryan Cave LLP, Denver, Colorado, Carmine D. Boccuzzi, Jr. , Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York, Jonathan B. Miller , Office of the Massachusetts Attorney General, Boston, Massachusetts, Jyotin Hamid , Joseph Rome , Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York, New York, Jeffrey S. Trachtman , Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, New York, Christopher D. Man , Chadbourne & Parke LLP, Washington, D.C., Chase B. Strangio , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, New York, Suzanne B. Goldberg , Columbia Law School, New York, New York, Marcia D. Greenberger , Emily J. Martin , National Women's Law Center, Washington, D.C., G. David Carter , Joseph P. Bowser , Hunter Carter , Arent Fox LLP, Washington, D.C., Sara Bartel , Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, California, Daniel McNeel Lane, Jr. , Matthew E. Pepping , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, San Antonio, Texas, Jessica M. Weisel , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Los Angeles, California, Michael L. Whitlock , Bingham McCutchen LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae. 14-3057: Bridget E. Coontz , Zachery P. Keller , Office of the Ohio Attorney General, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Alphonse A. Gerhardstein , Jennifer L. Branch , Jacklyn Gonzales Martin , Gerhardstein & Branch Co. LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Lisa T. Meeks , Newman & Meeks Co., LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Chase B. Strangio , James D. Esseks , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, New York, Drew Dennis , ACLU of Ohio, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellees. Byron J. Babione , Alliance Defending Freedom, Scottsdale, Arizona, Lawrence J. Joseph , Washington, D.C., Benjamin G. Shatz , Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Los Angeles, California, Carmine D. Boccuzzi, Jr. , Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York, Gregory R. Nevins , Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, Susan L. Sommer , Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., New York, New York, Camilla B. Taylor , Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, Mark C. Fleming , Felicia H. Ellsworth , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Paul R.Q. Wolfson , Dina B. Mishra , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., Alan Schoenfeld , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New York, Paul M. Smith , Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, D.C., Roberta A. Kaplan , Jaren Janghorbani , Joshua D. Kaye , Jacob H. Hupart , Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, New York, Thomas D. Warren , Baker & Hostetler LLP, Cleveland, Ohio, Jeffrey S. Trachtman , Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, New York, Marcia D. Greenberger , Emily J. Martin , National Women's Law Center, Washington, D.C., Shannon P. Minter , Christopher F. Stoll , National Center for Lesbian Rights, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae. 14-3464: Eric E. Murphy , Bridget E. Coontz , Office of the Ohio Attorney General, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Alphonse A. Gerhardstein , Jennifer L. Branch , Jacklyn Gonzales Martin , Gerhardstein & Branch Co. LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Lisa T. Meeks , Newman & Meeks Co., LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Susan L. Sommer , M. Currey Cook , Keith Hammeran , Lambda Legal Defense & Education Fund, Inc., New York, New York, Paul D. Castillo , Lambda Legal Defense & Education Fund, Inc., Dallas, Texas, for Appellees. Catherine E. Stetson , Hogan Lovells U.S. LLP, Washington, D.C., Andrew J. Davis , Folger Levin LLP, San Francisco, California, Sean R. Gallagher , Polsinelli PC, Denver, Colorado, Nicholas M. O'Donnell , Sullivan & Worcester LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Carmine D. Boccuzzi, Jr. , Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York, Ria Tabacco Mar , NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., New York, New York, Jyotin Hamid , Joseph Rome , Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York, New York, Suzanne B. Goldberg , Columbia Law School, New York, New York, Daniel McNeel Lane, Jr. , Matthew E. Pepping , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, San Antonio, Texas, Jessica M. Weisel , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Los Angeles, California, Paul D. Ritter, Jr. , Christopher J. Weber , Robert G. Schuler , Kegler, Brown, Hill & Ritter Co., L.P.A., Columbus, Ohio, Lawrence J. Joseph , Washington, D.C., Harlan D. Karp , Tina R. Haddad , Cleveland, Ohio, Benjamin G. Shatz , Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Los Angeles, California, Christopher D. Man , Chadbourne & Parke LLP, Washington, D.C., Mark C. Fleming , Felicia H. Ellsworth , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Paul R.Q. Wolfson , Dina B. Mishra , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., Alan Schoenfeld , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New York, Rocky C. Tsai , Ropes & Gray LLP, San Francisco, California, Joseph R. Guerra , Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, D.C., Emma L. Dill , Bryan Cave LLP, San Francisco, California, Jeffrey S. Trachtman , Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, New York, Marcia D. Greenberger , Emily J. Martin , National Women's Law Center, Washington, D.C., Sara Bartel , Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, California, G. David Carter , Joseph P. Bowser , Hunter T. Carter , Arent Fox LLP, Washington, D.C., Marjory A. Gentry , Arnold & Porter LLP, San Francisco, California, Diane M. Soubly , Stevenson Keppelman Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Harlan D. Karp , Cleveland, Ohio, for Amici Curiae. 14-5291: Leigh Gross Latherow , William H. Jones, Jr. , Gregory L. Monge , VanAntwerp, Monge, Jones, Edwards & McCann, LLP, Ashland, Kentucky, for Appellant. Laura E. Landenwich , Daniel J. Canon , L. Joe Dunman , Clay Daniel Walton & Adams, PLC, Louisville, Kentucky, Shannon R. Fauver , Dawn R. Elliott , Fauver Law Office, PLLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees. David A. Robinson , North Haven, Connecticut, Deborah J. Dewart , Swansboro, North Carolina, Stanton L. Cave , Law Office of Stan Cave, Lexington, Kentucky, Eric Rassbach , The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, Washington, D.C., David Boyle , Long Beach, California, Benjamin G. Shatz , Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Los Angeles, California, Paul M. Smith , Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, D.C., Catherine E. Stetson , Hogan Lovells U.S. LLP, Washington, D.C., Andrew J. Davis , Folger, Levin LLP, San Francisco, California, Rocky C. Tsai , Ropes & Gray LLP, San Francisco, California, Jerome C. Roth , Nicole S. Phillis , Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP, San Francisco, California, Nicholas M. O'Donnell , Sullivan & Worcester LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Carmine D. Boccuzzi, Jr. , Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York, Mark C. Fleming , Felicia H. Ellsworth , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Paul R.Q. Wolfson , Dina B. Mishra , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., Alan Schoenfeld , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New York, Sean R. Gallagher , Polsinelli PC, Denver, Colorado, Jyotin Hamid , Joseph Rome , Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York, New York, Christy L. Anderson , Bryan Cave LLP, Denver, Colorado, Ria Tabacco Mar , NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., New York, New York, Suzanne B. Goldberg , Columbia Law School, New York, New York, Joshua A. Block , Chase Strangio , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, New York, Elizabeth B. Wydra , Constitutional Accountability Center, Washington, D.C., Marcia D. Greenberger , Emily J. Martin , National Women's Law Center, Washington, D.C., Jeffrey S. Trachtman , Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, New York, Christopher D. Man , Chadbourne & Parke LLP, Washington, D.C., Sara Bartel , Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, California, Daniel McNeel Lane, Jr. , Matthew E. Pepping , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, San Antonio, Texas, Jessica M. Weisel , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Los Angeles, California, Diane M. Soubly , Stevenson Keppelman Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Marjory A. Gentry , Arnold & Porter LLP, San Francisco, California, Michael L. Whitlock , Bingham McCutchen LLP, Washington, D.C., G. David Carter , Joseph P. Bowser , Hunter Carter , Arent Fox LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae. 14-5297: Joseph F. Whalen , Martha A. Campbell , Kevin G. Steiling , Office of the Tennessee Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. William L. Harbison , Phillip F. Cramer , J. Scott Hickman , John L. Farringer , Sherrard & Roe, PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, Abby R. Rubenfeld , Rubenfeld Law Office, PC, Nashville, Tennessee, Maureen T. Holland , Holland and Associates, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee, Regina M. Lambert , Knoxville, Tennessee, Shannon P. Minter , Christopher F. Stoll , Amy Whelan , Asaf Orr , National Center for Lesbian Rights, San Francisco, California, for Appellees. Deborah J. Dewart , Swansboro, North Carolina, Eric Rassbach , The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, Washington, D.C., Byron J. Babione , Alliance Defending Freedom, Scottsdale, Arizona, Paul M. Smith , Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, D.C., Catherine E. Stetson , Hogan Lovells U.S. LLP, Washington, D.C., Benjamin G. Shatz , Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Los Angeles, California, Elizabeth B. Wydra , Constitutional Accountability Center, Washington, D.C., Andrew J. Davis , Folger Levin LLP, San Francisco, California, Rocky C. Tsai , Ropes & Gray LLP, San Francisco, California, Jerome C. Roth , Nicole S. Phillis , Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP, San Francisco, California, Nicholas M. O'Donnell , Sullivan & Worcester LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Sean R. Gallagher , Polsinelli PC, Denver, Colorado, Carmine D. Boccuzzi, Jr. , Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York, Mark C. Fleming , Felicia H. Ellsworth , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Paul R.Q. Wolfson , Dina B. Mishra , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., Alan Schoenfeld , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New York, Barbara J. Chisholm , P. Casey Pitts , Altshuler Berzon LLP, San Francisco, California, Christy L. Anderson , Bryan Cave LLP, Denver, Colorado, Jyotin Hamid , Joseph Rome , Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York, New York, Ria Tabacco Mar , NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., New York, New York, Joshua A. Block , Chase B. Strangio , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, New York, Christopher D. Man , Chadbourne & Parke LLP, Washington, D.C., Marcia D. Greenberger , Emily J. Martin , National Women's Law Center, Washington, D.C., Jeffrey S. Trachtman , Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, New York, G. David Carter , Joseph P. Bowser , Hunter Carter , Arent Fox LLP, Washington, D.C., Sara Bartel , Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, California, Daniel McNeel Lane, Jr. , Matthew E. Pepping , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, San Antonio, Texas, Jessica M. Weisel , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Los Angeles, California, Marjory A. Gentry , Arnold & Porter LLP, San Francisco, California, Diane M. Soubly , Stevenson Keppelman Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Michael L. Whitlock , Bingham McCutchen LLP, Washington, D.C., Suzanne B. Goldberg , Columbia Law School, New York, New York, for Amici Curiae. 14-5818: Leigh Gross Latherow , William H. Jones, Jr. , Gregory L. Monge , VanAntwerp, Monge, Jones, Edwards & McCann, LLP, Ashland, Kentucky, for Appellant. Laura E. Landenwich , Daniel J. Canon , L. Joe Dunman , Clay Daniel Walton & Adams, PLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees. Diane M. Soubly , Stevenson Keppelman Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Amicus Curiae.
SUTTON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which COOK, J., joined. DAUGHTREY, J. (pp. 421-37), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
