UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Suado Mohamed ALI, a/k/a Suada Mohamed Ali, a/k/a Sue, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Ahmed Ali Hassan, a/k/a Dirir, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Abdirahman Abshir Jibril, a/k/a Abdi Ali Mire, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Harun Salhan, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Hibo Musse Samantar, a/k/a Fadumo, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Abokor Gurreh, a/k/a Mohamed Farhan, a/k/a Mubarak, a/k/a Farhan M. Mohamed, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Nagi Mansor Seaa Alashmali, a/k/a Mohamed Albokhiti, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Khaled Ahmed Isa, a/k/a Hamza, a/k/a Adnan, a/k/a Khalid Ahmed Aesaa, a/k/a Khaled A. Aesa, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Ismail Mohamud Abdi, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Abdi Muhumed, a/k/a Juba, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Lutf Mohamed Albukhaiti, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Abdi Omar Abdi, Defendant-Appellant.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Osman Yusuf, Defendant-Appellant.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
ON BRIEF: Michael S. Arif , Arif & Associates, PC, Springfield, Virginia, for Appellant Ahmed Ali Hassan . Bruce M. Cooper , Washington, D.C., for Appellant Harun Salhan. Alfred L. Robertson, Jr. , Robertson Law Office, PLLC, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Hibo Musse Samantar. John O. Iweanoge, II , The Iweanoge's Firm, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellant Suado Mohamed Ali. Frank Salvato , Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Ismail Mohamud Abdi. Anser Ahmad , Advanced Immigration Law Group, PC, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for Appellant Abdi Muhumed. Daniel T. Lopez , Briglia Hundley Nutall & Kay PC, Vienna, Virginia, for Appellant Osman Yusuf. John L. Machado , Law Office of John Machado, Washington, D.C., for Appellant Abokor Gurreh. Gary H. Smith , Gary H. Smith Attorney At Law, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Abdi Omar Abdi. Robert L. Jenkins, Jr. , Bynum & Jenkins, PLLC, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Lutf Mohamed Albukhaiti. Neil H. MacBride , United States Attorney, Kyle Maurer , Special Assistant United States Attorney, Mary K. Daly , Assistant United States Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
Judge NIEMEYER wrote the opinion, in which Judge GREGORY and Judge FLOYD joined.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
Seventeen individuals, all originally from Somalia or Yemen, were indicted for their participation in a large conspiracy to traffic in khat, a leafy plant native to the Horn of Africa. Khat contains the controlled substance cathinone, which is desired for the euphoria it provides when khat leaves are chewed. Thirteen of the defendants were also charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering.
After four of the defendants pleaded...
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