SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Brian Farrington brought a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for, inter alia, excessive force against Officer Steven Todd Smith, Officer James Storey, and Officer Nicole Sipes of the St. Paul, Minnesota Police Department. Farrington alleged that Officer Smith used excessive force against him and that Officers Storey and Sipes failed to intervene or protect Farrington from Officer Smith's use of excessive force. The district court
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