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  5. 684 F.3d 102 (2012)
 

COALITION FOR RESPONSIBLE REGULATION v. E.P.A.

Nos. 09-1322, 10-1024, 10-1025, 10-1026, 10-1030, 10-1035, 10-1036, 10-1037, 10-1038, 10-1039, 10-1040, 10-1041, 10-1042, 10-1044, 10-1045, 10-1046, 10-1234, 10-1235, 10-1239, 10-1245, 10-1281, 10-1310, 10-1318, 10-1319, 10-1320, 10-1321, 10-1073, 10-1083, 10-1099, 10-1109, 10-1110, 10-1114, 10-1118, 10-1119, 10-1120, 10-1122, 10-1123, 10-1124, 10-1125, 10-1126, 10-1127, 10-1128, 10-1129, 10-1131, 10-1132, 10-1145, 10-1147, 10-1148, 10-1199, 10-1200, 10-1201, 10-1202, 10-1203, 10-1206, 10-1207, 10-1208, 10-1210, 10-1211, 10-1212, 10-1213, 10-1216, 10-1218, 10-1219, 10-1220, 10-1221, 10-1222, 10-1092, 10-1094, 10-1134, 10-1143, 10-1144, 10-1152, 10-1156, 10-1158, 10-1159, 10-1160, 10-1161, 10-1162, 10-1163, 10-1164, 10-1166, 10-1182, 10-1167, 10-1168, 10-1169, 10-1170, 10-1173, 10-1174, 10-1175, 10-1176, 10-1177, 10-1178, 10-1179, 10-1180.

684 F.3d 102 (2012)

COALITION FOR RESPONSIBLE REGULATION, INC., et al., Petitioners v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Respondent State of Michigan, et al., Intervenors. Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent American Frozen Food Institute, et al., Intervenors. Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent Langboard, Inc. — MDF, et al., Intervenors. American Chemistry Council, Petitioner v. Environmental Protection Agency and Lisa Perez Jackson, Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondents Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, et al., Intervenors.

United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.

Decided June 26, 2012.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Patrick R. Day , Harry W. MacDougald , and Jeffrey Bossert Clark argued the causes for Non-State Petitioners and Supporting Intervenors. With them on the briefs were John J. Burns , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General of the State of Alaska, Steven E. Mulder , Chief Assistant Attorney General, Peter Glaser , Mark E. Nagle , Matthew Dukes , Paul D. Phillips , John A. Bryson , Ellen Steen , Eric Groten , John P. Elwood , James A. Holtkamp , Chet M. Thompson , Robin S. Conrad , Rachel L. Brand , Sheldon Gilbert , Quentin Riegel , Jeffrey A. Rosen , Robert R. Gasaway , William H. Burgess , Sam Kazman , Hans Bader , Matthew G. Paulson , Harry Moy Ng , Michele Marie Schoeppe , Michael R. Barr , Alexandra M. Walsh , Adam J. White , Jeffrey A. Lamken , Timothy K. Webster , Roger R. Martella , Neal J. Cabral , Theodore Hadzi-Antich , Ashley C. Parrish , Cynthia A.M. Stroman , Scott C. Oostdyk , Gordon R. Alphonso , Shannon L. Goessling , Edward A. Kazmarek , F. William Brownell , Norman W. Fichthorn , Henry V. Nickel , and Allison D. Wood.  Paul D. Clement , Mark W. DeLaquil , Andrew M. Grossman , and David B. Rivin, Jr. entered appearances.

E. Duncan Getchell, Jr. , Solicitor General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia, argued the cause for State Petitioners Texas and Virginia on Denial of Reconsideration of the Endangerment Finding and State Petitioners and Supporting Intervenors on Endangerment Finding Delegation Issues. With him on the briefs were Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II , Attorney General, Stephen R. McCullough , Senior Appellate Counsel, Charles E. James Jr. , Chief Deputy Attorney General, and Wesley G. Russell, Jr. , Deputy Attorney General.

Greg Abbott , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Texas, Bill Cobb , Deputy Attorney General for Civil Litigation, J. Reed Clay, Jr. , Special Assistant and Senior Counsel to the Attorney General, Jonathan F. Mitchell , Solicitor General, Michael P. Murphy , Assistant Solicitor General, Luther Strange III , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Alabama, Pamela Jo Bondi , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Florida, Gregory F. Zoeller , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Indiana, Jack Conway , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Kentucky, James D. "Buddy" Caldwell , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Louisiana, Bill Schuette , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Michigan, John J. Bursch , Solicitor General, Neil D. Gordon , Assistant Attorney General, Gary C. Rikard , Jon Bruning , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Nebraska, Katherine J. Spohn , Special Counsel to the Attorney General, Wayne Stenehjem , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of North Dakota, Margaret Olson , Assistant Attorney General, Scott Pruitt , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Oklahoma, Alan Wilson , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of South Carolina, Marty Jackley , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the States of South Dakota, Roxanne Giedd , Chief, Civil Litigation Division, Mark L. Shurtleff , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Utah, and Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia were on the briefs for State Petitioners and Supporting Intervenors. Robert D. Tambling , Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Alabama, entered an appearance.

Christian J. Ward , Scott A. Keller , and April L. Farris were on the brief for amici curiae Scientists in support of Petitioners.

Derek Schmidt , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Kansas, and John Campbell , Chief Deputy Attorney General, were on the brief for amicus curiae State of Kansas in support of Petitioners.

Martin R. Levin , Michael J. O'Neill , Donald M. Falk , Mark S. Kaufman , Steven J. Lechner , and Richard P. Hutchison were on the brief for amici curiae Landmark Legal Foundation, et al. in support of Petitioners.

Jon M. Lipshultz and Angeline Purdy , Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the causes for respondent. With them on the brief were John Hannon , Carol Holmes , and Steven Silverman , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Attorneys. Thomas A. Lorenzen , Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, entered an appearance.

Carol Iancu , Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, argued the cause for State and Environmental Intervenors in support of respondents. With her on the briefs were Martha Coakley , Attorney General, William L. Pardee , Attorney Assistant General, Sean H. Donahue , Howard I. Fox , David S. Baron , Megan Ceronsky , Vickie L. Patton , Peter Zalzal , Kamala D. Harris , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of California, Kathleen A. Kenealy , Senior Assistant Attorney General, Marc N. Melnick and Nicholas Stern , Deputy Attorneys General, Joseph R. Biden, III , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Delaware, Valerie M. Satterfield , Deputy Attorney General, George Jepsen , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Connecticut, Kimberly P. Massicotte , Matthew I. Levine , Scott N. Koschwitz , Assistant Attorneys General, Lisa Madigan , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Illinois, Gerald T. Karr , Assistant Attorney General, Thomas J. Miller , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Iowa, David R. Sheridan , Assistant Attorney General, Douglas F. Gansler , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Maryland, Mary E. Raivel , Assistant Attorney General, Michael A. Delaney , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New Hampshire, K. Allen Brooks , Senior Assistant Attorney General, William J. Schneider , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Maine, Gerald D. Reid , Assistant Attorney General, Lori Swanson , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Minnesota, Jocelyn F. Olson , Assistant Attorney General, Gary K. King , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New Mexico, Stephen R. Farris , Assistant Attorney General, Eric T. Schneiderman , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New York, Michael J. Myers and Yueh-Ru Chu , Assistant Attorneys General, John Kroger , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Oregon, Paul Logan , Assistant Attorney-in-Charge, Robert M. McKenna , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Washington, Leslie R. Seffern , Assistant Attorney General, Peter F. Kilmartin , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Rhode Island, Gregory S. Schultz , Special Assistant Attorney General, William H. Sorrell , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Vermont, Thea J. Schwartz , Assistant Attorney General, Christopher King , Assistant Corporation Counsel, Corporation Counsel for the City Of New York, Ann B. Weeks , Helen D. Silver , David Doniger , Meleah Geertsma , Morgan Butler , Frank W. Rambo , Joseph Mendelson III , Craig Holt Segall , and Joanne Spalding.

Deborah Sivas , Douglas A. Ruley , Edward Lloyd , and Susan J. Kraham were on the brief for amici curiae America's Great Waters Coalition, et al. in support of respondent. James K. Thornton entered an appearance.

Jonathan F. Mitchell , Solicitor General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Texas, argued the cause for State Petitioners and Supporting Intervenor. With him on the briefs were Gregg Abbott , Attorney General, Bill Cobb , Deputy Attorney General, J. Reed Clay, Jr. , Special Assistant and Senior Counsel to the Attorney General, Michael P. Murphy and James P. Sullivan , Assistant Solicitors General, Luther Strange , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Alabama, Herman Robinson , Donald Trahan , Kathy M. Wright , Gary C. Rikard, John Bruning , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Nebraska, Katherine J. Spohn , Special Counsel, Wayne Stenehjem , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of North Dakota, Margaret Olson , Assistant Attorney General, Alan Wilson , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of South Carolina, J. Emory Smith, Jr. , Assistant Deputy Attorney General, Marty Jackley , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of South Dakota, Roxanne Giedd , Chief, and Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Mark W. DeLaquil , Earle D. Getchell, Jr. , Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia, Andrew M. Grossman , David B. Rivkin, Jr. , and Robert D. Tambling , Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Alabama, entered appearances.

F. William Brownell and Peter Keisler argued the causes for Non-State Petitioners and Supporting Intervenors. With them on the briefs were Norman W. Fichthorn , Henry V. Nickel , Allison D. Wood , Charles H. Knauss , Shannon S. Broome , Timothy K. Webster , Roger R. Martella , Eric Groten , Patrick R. Day , John A. Bryson , Matthew G. Paulson , John P. Elwood , Paul D. Phillips , James A. Holtkamp , Shannon L. Goessling , Harry W. MacDougald , William H. Lewis, Jr. , Ronald J. Tenpas , Gordon R. Alphonso , Edward A. Kazmarek , Chet M. Thompson , Neal J. Cabral , Scott C. Oostdyk , Richard P. Hutchison , John J. McMackin, Jr. , Robin S. Conrad , Sheldon Gilbert , Michael W. Steinberg , Levi McAllister , Jeffrey A. Rosen , Robert R. Gasaway , Jeffrey Bossert Clark , William H. Burgess , Ashley C. Parrish , Cynthia A.M. Stroman , Ellen Steen , Leslie Sue Ritts , Peter Glaser , Mark E. Nagle , Terry J. Satterlee , Thomas J. Grever , Margaret Claiborne Campbell , Bryon W. Kirkpatrick , Quentin Riegel , Elizabeth Gaudio , Elizabeth Henry Warner , Harry Moy Ng , Michele Marie Schoeppe , Thomas J. Ward , and Peter H. Wyckoff.   Mark A. Behrens , Paul D. Clement , Matthew Dukes , Virginia L. Hudson , and David B. Salmons entered appearances.

Jonathan S. Massey was on the brief for amicus curiae Municipal Gas Commission of Missouri.

John G. Horne, II , Samuel B. Boxerman and Leslie A. Hulse were on the brief for amici curiae the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the American Chemistry Council in support of petitioners. Angus Macbeth entered an appearance.

Amanda Shafer Berman and Perry M. Rosen , Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the causes for respondents. With them on the briefs were Howard Hoffman , Elliott Zenick , Brian Doster , and David Orlin , Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thomas A. Lorenzen and Kim N. Smaczniak , Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice, and John D. Gunter, II and Michele L. Walter , Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, entered appearances.

Sean H. Donahue and Michael J. Myers argued the causes for State and Environmental Intervenors in support of respondents. With them on the briefs were Vickie L. Patton , Pamela A. Campos , Megan Ceronsky , Petere Zalzal , Eric T. Schneiderman , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New York, Barbara D. Underwood , Solicitor General, Morgan A. Costello , Assistant Attorney General, Monica Wagner , Howard I. Fox , David S. Baron , Lisa Madigan , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Illinois, Gerald T. Karr , Assistant Attorney General, Joanne Spalding , Nathan Matthews , Craig Holt Segall , Kamala D. Harris , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of California, Kathleen A. Kenealy , Senior Assistant Attorney General, Susan Durbin , Raissa Lerner , Marc N. Melnick , and Nicholas Stern , Deputy Attorneys General, Martha Coakley , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, William L. Pardee and Carol Iancu , Assistant Attorneys General, David Doniger , Meleah Geertsma , William J. Schneider , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Maine, Gerald D. Ried , Assistant Attorney General, Ann B. Weeks , Helen D. Silver , Thomas J. Miller , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Iowa, David R. Sheridan , Assistant Attorney General, Douglas F. Gansler , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Maryland, Mary Raivel , Deputy Attorney General, Michael A. Delaney , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New Hampshire, K. Allen Brooks , Senior Assistant Attorney General, Barbara Baird , William B. Wong , Peter F. Kilmartin , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Rhode Island, Gregory S. Schultz , Special Assistant Attorney General, Frank Rambo , Morgan Butler , Gary K. King , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New Mexico, Stephen Farris , Assistant Attorney General, John Kroger , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Oregon, Paul Logan , Assistant Attorney-in-Charge, Roy Cooper , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of North Carolina, and J. Allen Jernigan and Marc Bernstein , Special Deputy Attorneys General. Kenneth P. Alex and Gavin G. McCabe , Deputy Assistant Attorneys General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of California, entered appearances.

Peter Glaser argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were John P. Elwood , Eric Groten , Patrick R. Day , John A. Bryson , Shannon L. Goessling , Harry W. MacDougald , Paul D. Phillips , James A. Holtkamp , Edward A. Kazmarek , Chet M. Thompson , Sam Kazman , Hans Bader , Gordon R. Alphonso , Richard P. Hutchison , Neal J. Cabral , Scott C. Oostdyk , Ronald J. Tenpas , Michael W. Steinberg , Levi McAllister , John J. McMackin Jr. , Robin S. Conrad , Rachel L. Brand , Sheldon Gilbert , F. William Brownell , Norman W. Fichthorn , Henry V. Nickel , Allison D. Wood , Ashley C. Parrish , Cynthia A.M. Stroman , Mark E. Nagle , Michael Higgins , Ellen Steen , Timothy K. Webster , Roger R. Martella , Matthew G. Paulson , Charles H. Knauss , Shannon S. Broome , Quentin Riegel , Elizabeth Gaudio , Thomas J. Ward , Harry Moy Ng , and Michele Marie Schoeppe.

Greg Abbott , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Texas, Bill Cobb , Deputy Attorney General for Civil Litigation, Jonathan F. Mitchell , Solicitor General, J. Reed Clay Jr. , Special Assistant and Senior Counsel to the Attorney General, Michael P. Murphy , Assistant Solicitor General, Luther Strange , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Alabama, Samuel S. Olens , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Georgia, John E. Hennelly , Senior Assistant Attorney General, Gary C. Rikard , Jon C. Bruning , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Nebraska, Katherine J. Spohn , Special Counsel to the Attorney General, Wayne K. Stenehjem , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of North Dakota, Margaret Olson , Assistant Attorney General, Alan Wilson , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of South Carolina, J. Emory Smith, Jr. , Assistant Deputy Attorney General, Marty Jackley , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of North Dakota, Roxanne Giedd , Chief, Civil Litigation Division, and Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia, were on the briefs for State Petitioners and Supporting Intervenor. Paul D. Clement , James W. Coleman , Wayne J. D'Angelo , Mark W. DeLaquil , E. Duncan Getchell Jr. , Solicitor General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Virginia, Andrew M. Grossman , Virginia L. Hudson , David B. Rivkin Jr. , and Robert D. Tambling , Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Alabama, entered appearances.

Samuel B. Boxerman and Leslie A. Hulse were on the brief for amicus curiae American Chemistry Council in support of petitioners. Angus Macbeth entered an appearance.

Eric G. Hostetler , Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief were John Hannon and Steven Silverman , Attorneys, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Raymond B. Ludwiszewski argued the cause for intervenors Association of Global Automakers, et al. With him on the brief were Kathleen M. Sullivan , Sanford I. Weisburst , and William B. Adams.

Gavin G. McCabe , Deputy Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of California, argued the cause for intervenor State of California. On the brief were Kamala D. Harris , Attorney General, Kathleen A. Kenealy , Senior Assistant Attorney General, Marc N. Melnick and Nicholas Stern , Deputy Attorneys General, Sean H. Donahue , Howard I. Fox , David S. Baron , Pamela Campos , Megan Ceronsky , Vickie L. Patton , Peter Zalzal , Joseph R. Biden, III , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Delaware, Valerie M. Satterfield , Deputy Attorney General, Thomas J. Miller , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Iowa, David R. Sheridan , Assistant Attorney General, Douglas F. Gansler , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Maryland, Roberta R. James , Assistant Attorney General, Lisa Madigan , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Illinois, Gerald T. Karr , Assistant Attorney General, William T. Schneider , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Maine, Gerald D. Reid , Assistant Attorney General, Martha Coakley , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Carol Iancu , Tracy Triplett , and William L. Pardee , Assistant Attorneys General, Gary K. King , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New Mexico, Stephen R. Farris , Assistant Attorney General, John Kroger , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Oregon, Paul Logan , Assistant Attorney-in-Charge, William H. Sorrell , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Vermont, Thea J. Schwartz , Assistant Attorney General, Eric T. Schneiderman , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New York, Michael J. Myers and Yueh-Ru Chu , Assistant Attorneys General, Peter F. Kilmartin , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Rhode Island, Gregory S. Schultz , Special Assistant Attorney General, Robert M. McKenna , Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Washington, Leslie R. Seffern , Assistant Attorney General, Christopher King , Assistant Corporation Counsel, Corporation Counsel for the City of New York, Joanne Spalding , Craig Holt Segall , David Doniger and Meleah Geertsma.   Judith A. Stahl Moore , Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of New Mexico, and John D. Walke entered appearances.

Richard E. Ayres , Jessica L. Olson , and Kristin L. Hines were on the brief for amicus curiae Honeywell International, Inc. in support of respondents.

Richard L. Revesz , Michael A. Livermore , and Jennifer S. Rosenberg were on the brief for amicus curiae Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law in support of respondents.

Timothy K. Webster , Roger R. Martella, Jr. , James W. Coleman , William H. Lewis, Jr. , Ronald J. Tenpas , Charles H. Knauss , Shannon S. Broome , Bryan M. Killian , and Matthew G. Paulson were on the briefs for petitioners. Peter D. Keisler , Leslie A. Hulse , and Quentin Riegel entered appearances.

Amanda Shafer Berman and Perry M. Rosen , Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice, and Elliott Zenick and Howard J. Hoffman , Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, were on the brief for respondents. Jon M. Lipshultz , Senior Counsel, U.S. Department of Justice, entered and appearance.

Ann Brewster Weeks , Sean H. Donahue , Vickie Patton , Peter Zalzal , Joanne Spalding , Craig Segall , David Doniger , and Meleah Geertsma were on the brief of intervenors in support of respondents. David S. Baron , Pamela A. Campos , Colin C. O'Brien , and John D. Walke entered appearances.

Vera P. Pardee , Brendan R. Cummings , and Kevin P. Bundy were on the brief for amicus curiae Center for Biological Diversity in support of respondents.

Opinion for the Court filed PER CURIAM.

PER CURIAM:

Following the Supreme Court's decision in Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497, 127 S.Ct. 1438, 167 L.Ed.2d 248 (2007) — which clarified that greenhouse gases are an "air pollutant" subject to regulation under the Clean Air Act (CAA) — the Environmental Protection Agency promulgated a series of greenhouse gas-related rules. First, EPA issued an Endangerment Finding, in which it determined that greenhouse...

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