UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Jeffrey Brian GIBERT, Defendant-Appellant.
The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Gerald Benfield, Defendant-Appellant.
The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
John Carlton Thurman Hoover, Defendant-Appellant.
The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Michael Monroe Grooms, Defendant-Appellant.
The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Gene Audry Jeffcoat, Defendant-Appellant.
The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge KEENAN wrote the opinion, in which Judge GREGORY and Judge O'GRADY joined.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
OPINION
BARBARA MILANO KEENAN, Circuit Judge:
The primary question in this appeal is whether Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause in enacting a criminal prohibition against animal fighting. Jeffrey Brian Gibert and certain other defendants (collectively, Gibert) were indicted for their roles in organizing, operating, and participating in "gamefowl derbies," otherwise known as "cockfighting." Gibert entered a conditional guilty plea to the...
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