U.S. v. GIBERT

Nos. 10-4848, 10-4851, 10-4852, 10-4875, 10-4904.

677 F.3d 613 (2012)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jeffrey Brian GIBERT, Defendant-Appellant. The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gerald Benfield, Defendant-Appellant. The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Carlton Thurman Hoover, Defendant-Appellant. The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael Monroe Grooms, Defendant-Appellant. The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gene Audry Jeffcoat, Defendant-Appellant. The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided: April 20, 2012.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: Steven Michael Hisker , Duncan, South Carolina, for Appellants. Nathan S. Williams , Office of the United States Attorney, Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Lori S. Murray , Law Office of Lori S. Murray, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant Gerald Benfield; T. Micah Leddy , The Leddy Law Firm, LLC, Columbia, South Carolina, for John Carlton Thurman Hoover; Joseph M. McCulloch, Jr. , Law Office of Joseph M. McCulloch, Jr., for Appellant Michael Monroe Grooms; Debra Y. Chapman , Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant Gene Audry Jeffcoat. William N. Nettles , United States Attorney, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee. Jonathan R. Lovvorn , Kimberly D. Ockene , Aaron D. Green , The Humane Society of the United States, Washington, D.C.; Emily L. Aldrich , Hunton & Williams LLP, Los Angeles, California; Gregory N. Stillman , Hunton & Williams LLP, Norfolk, Virginia; Joseph P. Esposito , William E. Potts, Jr. , Andrew E. Walsh , Hunton & Williams LLP, Washington, D.C., for The Humane Society of the United States, Amicus Supporting Appellee.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge KEENAN wrote the opinion, in which Judge GREGORY and Judge O'GRADY joined.


OPINION

BARBARA MILANO KEENAN, Circuit Judge:

The primary question in this appeal is whether Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause in enacting a criminal prohibition against animal fighting. Jeffrey Brian Gibert and certain other defendants (collectively, Gibert) were indicted for their roles in organizing, operating, and participating in "gamefowl derbies," otherwise known as "cockfighting." Gibert entered a conditional guilty plea to the...

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