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U.S. v. BRENNAN

Docket Nos. 08-5171-cv (L), 08-5172-cv (XAP), 08-5173-cv (XAP), 08-5375-cv (XAP), 08-5149-cv (CON), 08-4639-cv (CON).

650 F.3d 65 (2011)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant, Janet Caldero, Celia I. Calderon, Martha Chellemi, Salih Chioke, Andrew Clement, Kristen D'Alessio, Laura Daniele, Charmaine Didonato, Dawn L. Ellis, Marcia P. Jarrett, Mary Kachadourian, Kathleen Luebkert, Adele A. McGreal, Margaret McMahon, Marianne Manousakis, Sandra D. Morton, Maureen Quinn, Harry Santana, Carl D. Smith, Kim Tatum, Frank Valdez, and Irene Wolkiewicz, Intervenors-Appellees-Cross-Appellants, Pedro Arroyo, Jose Casado, Celestino Fernandez, Kevin LaFaye, Steven Lopez, Anibal Maldonado, James Martinez, Wilbert McGraw, Silvia Ortega De Green, and Nicholas Pantelides, Intervenors-Appellees, v. John BRENNAN, James G. Ahearn, Scott Spring, and Dennis Mortensen, Intervenors-Appellants-Cross-Appellees, New York City Department of Education; City of New York; Martha K. Hirst, Commissioner, New York City Department of City Administrative Services; New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services, Defendants-Appellees. John Brennan, James Ahearn, Scott Spring, Dennis Mortensen, John Mitchell, and Eric Schauer, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Attorney General of the United States; Assistant Attorney General of the United States for Civil Rights; U.S. Department of Justice; New York City Department of Education; City of New York; New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services; Martha K. Hirst, Commissioner, New York City Department of City Administrative Services, Defendants-Appellees, Janet Caldero, Celia I. Calderon, Martha Chellemi, Salih Chioke, Andrew Clement, Kristen D'Alessio, Laura Daniele, Charmaine Didonato, Dawn L. Ellis, Marcia P. Jarrett, Mary Kachadourian, Kathleen Luebkert, Adele A. McGreal, Margaret McMahon, Marianne Manousakis, Sandra D. Morton, Maureen Quinn, Harry Santana, Carl D. Smith, Kim Tatum, Frank Valdez, and Irene Wolkiewicz, Intervenors-Appellees, Pedro Arroyo, Jose Casado, Celestino Fernandez, Kevin LaFaye, Steven Lopez, Anibal Maldonado, James Martinez, Wilbert McGraw, Silvia Ortega De Green, and Nicholas Pantelides, Intervenors-Appellees. Ruben Miranda, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. New York City Department of Education, Defendant-Appellee.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Decided: May 5, 2011.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Michael E. Rosman ( Christopher J. Hajec , on the brief), Center for Individual Rights, Washington, DC, for John Brennan, James Ahearn, Scott Spring, Dennis Mortensen, John Mitchell, Eric Schauer, and Ruben Miranda.

Gregory B. Friel , ( Dennis J. Dimsey and April J. Anderson , on the brief) for Loretta King, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the United States, the Attorney General, the Assistant Attorney General, and the Department of Justice.

Ariela M. Migdal , ( Emily J. Martin , Araceli Martinez-Olguin , and Lenora M. Lapidus , on the brief), American Civil Liberties Union Foundation Women's Right's Project, New York, NY; Melissa R. Chernofsky , Attorney-at-Law, Brooklyn, NY, on the brief, for Janet Caldero et al.

Matthew Colangelo , ( John Payton , Debo P. Adegbile , and Joy Milligan , on the brief), NAACP Legal Defense & Education Fund, Inc., New York, NY; Joshua Civin , NAACP Legal Defense & Education Fund, Washington, DC, for Pedro Arroyo et al.

Rachael N. Pine , Gillian L. Thomas , Legal Momentum, New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae Legal Momentum.

The New York City Department of Education, the City of New York, Martha K. Hirst , and the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services, did not appear at oral argument and did not submit a brief.

Judge RAGGI, concurs in the judgment of the Court and files a separate opinion.

CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:

                                Table of Contents

Introduction .....................................................................  70

Factual and Procedural Background ................................................  72

        I. The Parties ...........................................................  72

       II. General Factual Background ............................................  73
           A....

                    
                    
                    

                        

                            

                                
                            

                            

                                

                                    
    
                                        
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