MILAN D. SMITH, JR., Circuit Judge:
This appeal requires us to decide whether 42 U.S.C. § 233(a) establishes the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) as the exclusive remedy for constitutional violations committed by officers and employees of the Public Health Service (PHS), precluding the cause of action recognized in Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics,
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