LUCERO, Circuit Judge.
Utah's Voluntary Contributions Act ("VCA") prohibits any state or local public employer from withholding voluntary political contributions from its employees' paychecks. Utah Code Ann. § 34-32-1.1. Appellees, comprising several Utah labor unions ("Unions"), assert that the VCA violates the First Amendment by restricting public employees' political speech. The district court granted their motion for summary judgment, and the state now appeals...
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