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U.S. v. RAMIREZ

Nos. 05-50165, 05-50181.

473 F.3d 1026 (2007)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ramon RAMIREZ, aka Monserrat Meza-Ramirez, aka Natividad Ramirez, aka Manuel Clavo-Barraza, aka Natividad Vidana Ramirez, Defendant-Appellant. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Javier Beltran, Defendant-Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed January 16, 2007.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Craig A. Harbaugh, Deputy Federal Public Defender, Los Angeles, CA, argued the cause for the defendants-appellants. Maria E. Stratton, Federal Public Defender, and Sean K. Kennedy, Deputy Federal Public Defender, were on the briefs for Defendant-Appellant Beltran. Brad D. Levenson, Deputy Federal Public Defender, was on the reply brief. Jerald Brainin, Los Angeles, CA, filed a brief for Defendant-Appellant Ramirez.

Gonzalo P. Curiel, Assistant United States Attorney, Los Angeles, CA, argued the cause for the plaintiff-appellee. Debra Wong Yang, United States Attorney, and Thomas P. O'Brien, Assistant United States Attorney, were on the brief.

Before ALEX KOZINSKI, DIARMUID F. O'SCANNLAIN, and JAY S. BYBEE, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge O'SCANNLAIN; Concurrence by Judge KOZINSKI.

O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge.

In this criminal appeal we must decide whether the "collective knowledge" doctrine justifies a warrantless stop of an automobile by one officer at the request of another officer within the same police department.

I

A

This case began with an event in which defendants-appellants Ramon Ramirez and Javier Beltran were not actually involved. On July...

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