Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge GRIFFITH.
Opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part filed by Circuit Judge KAREN LECRAFT HENDERSON.
GRIFFITH, Circuit Judge.
Twelve to fifteen thugs criminally attacked and permanently injured appellants Dominic Novak and George Valdivia as they were leaving a bar and dance club in the District of Columbia. The attack occurred late at night in an alley that was immediately outside the only exit from...
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