PACTIV CORP. v. CHESTER

AMENDED1 OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THE MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNTS II AND III

FEIKENS, District Judge.

Previously, I found I have jurisdiction to hear Plaintiff's claims that M.C.L. §§ 324.20114(1)(h) and 324.20137(1) violate its constitutional due process rights, to the extent that the statutes require Pactiv Corp. (Pactiv) to undertake planning and penalize the failure to properly plan without first providing notice and an opportunity to be heard.2 Pactiv Corp. v. Chester, 419 F.Supp.2d 956 (E.D.Mich.2006). I also declined to take jurisdiction over the state law claim. Id. I now turn to the merits of the remainder of the motion.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

I previously stated the factual background for this matter in my Opinion and Order of January 30, 2006, and I will not repeat it here. 419 F.Supp.2d at 960-63.

ANALYSIS

I. Standard for Dismissal of the Claims

The general rule is that "some discovery must be afforded the non-movant before summary judgment in granted." White's Landing Fisheries, Inc. v. Buchholzer, 29 F.3d 229, 231 (6th Cir.1994). Discovery has not yet begun in this matter. Therefore, although Defendants' motion is for summary judgment, I will apply the standard for motions to dismiss under Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) to the remainder of Defendants' motion. A motion to dismiss may be granted under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), "only if it is clear that no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the allegations." Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984). In reviewing the motion, courts "must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept all of the complaint's factual allegations as true, and determine whether the plaintiff undoubtedly can prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief." Ziegler v. IBP Hog Mkt., Inc., 249 F.3d 509, 512 (6th Cir.2001).

II. Statute of Limitations

In the second hearing on this matter, I asked both parties to submit briefing on the statute of limitations applicable to actions brought for violation of M.C.L. § 324.20114(1)(h), which is part of Michigan's Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (hereinafter the Act). (Tr. of Apr. 13, 2006 at 24-27.) I had a responsibility to raise this issue, because it goes toward the justiciability of this action and thus this court's jurisdiction. Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 456, 124 S.Ct. 906, 157 L.Ed.2d 867 (2004) (citing Mansfield, C. & L.M.R. Co. v. Swan, 111 U.S. 379, 382, 4 S.Ct. 510, 28 L.Ed. 462 (1884) (court must consider subject matter jurisdiction even if parties fail to raise it)). If it is too late for the government to bring an action against Plaintiff, then Plaintiffs claims potentially would be moot, as there would be no lawful means for Defendants to seek any penalty from Plaintiff for the failure to plan in accordance with the request under M.C.L. § 324.20114(1)(h).

Defendants assert the applicable statute of limitations requires that actions be filed "within [three] years after discovery of the violation for which the civil fines are assessed." M.C.L. § 324.20140(1)(c). Defendants aver that they could not have discovered Plaintiff's noncompliance with the planning requirements before July 28, 2004, and thus the limitations period will not expire until July 28, 2007.' (Defs.' Br. of Apr. 28, 2006, 3.) Defendants also assert that the violations are continuing daily, and thus liability is growing daily, but that the law's structure only allows the government to recover at most three years worth of daily fines. Id. at 7. Plaintiff concedes no point of fact or law relating to the statute of limitations, but notes that Defendants' position means that its potential liability is still increasing daily. (Pl.'s Br. of May 8, 2006, 2.)

Defendants make a plausible argument that this case is not moot, but that argument relies on both factual and legal suppositions. As stated above, there has not been discovery on these points, and thus even if Plaintiff wished to assert mootness of this action due to the period having run, it likely would not be able to carry its "heavy burden" of demonstrating such mootness without a chance to `conduct discovery and determine the applicable facts. Cleveland Branch, N.A.AC.P. v. City of Parma, 263 F.3d 513, 531 (6th Cir.2001) (citing County of Los Angeles v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631, 99 S.Ct. 1379, 59 L.Ed.2d 642 (1979)). Under this reasoning, I find that mootness has not been sufficiently demonstrated at this time, and therefore this claim is still legally justiciable. I note to the parties that this Court may have to return to this issue at the close of discovery, and urge them to take that into consideration as this case progresses.

III. Federal Question Jurisdiction and the Declaratory Judgment Act

A federal court lacks jurisdiction to hear a claim under the Declaratory Judgment Act when a complaint essentially asserts a defense to an impending state court action brought under state law, because federal question jurisdiction does not exist i he only federal question is a defense. Public Sera Comm'n v. Wycoff Co., 344 U.S. 237, 248, 73 S.Ct. 236, 97 L.Ed. 291 (1952). Plaintiff asserts that jurisdiction exists in this case, however, because,42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a federal statutory remedy independent of the Declaratory Judgment Act. Plaintiff argues it is thus bringing suit to remedy the breach of a federal right, not simply to assert a defense to an impending state court action. (Pl.'s Br. of April 27, 2006.) I agree, and therefore find I have jurisdiction to decide the due process claims. I have jurisdiction to hear both the "as applied" and a "pattern and practice" due process challenges, seeking similar relief, brought under two federal statutes: the Declaratory Judgment Act and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Pl.'s Br. of Feb. 13, 2006, 1.)

IV. Standard for Due Process Challenges

There is a two-step analysis for procedural due process issues: first, determine whether a protected interest exists, and second, determine what procedures are required to protect that interest. Morrison v. Warren, 375 F.3d 468, 474 (6th Cir.2004) (citing Johnston-Taylor v. Gannon, 907 F.2d 1577, 1581 (6th Cir.1990)); see also Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) ("The requirements of procedural due process apply only to the deprivation of interests encompassed by the Fourteenth Amendment's protection of liberty and property").

There is no "all-embracing test for deciding due process claims." Dusenbery v. United States, 534 U.S. 161, 168, 122 S.Ct. 694, 151 L.Ed.2d 597 (2002). The Supreme Court has used several tests to analyze due process claims. In Mathews v. Eldridge, the Court used balancing test of three factors to determine what process was due: (1) the nature of the private interest affected by the official action; (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of such an interest through the procedures used and the probable value of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the government's interest, including the "function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail." 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). Plaintiff raises the possibility of an altogether different test of constitutionality articulated in a series of cases beginning with Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908). In Ex parte Young, the Court set forth yet another standard that potentially bears on the question of when parties must be permitted certain process:

Id. at 147, 28 S.Ct. 441.

I will address first what type of interest is at issue here, and then analyze what process is needed under the Mathews v. Eldridge test. Finally, I will turn to the other test of constitutionality described in Ex parte Young.

V. Type of Interest Protected by Due Process

Plaintiff was not afforded notice or a chance to object formally to the issuance of the demand letters before the agency took the final action of issuing the letters under M.C.L. § 324.20114(1)(h). However, that is not a violation of due process if the issuance of the demand under that statute does not implicate interests protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Roth, 408 U.S. at 569, 92 S.Ct. 2701. I turn now to the analysis of that question.

A. Binding Precedent

In Hodel v. Va. Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass'n, the Supreme Court held that an order requiring a mine operator to cease operations did implicate due process concerns, because the order fell into the emergency situation "exception to the normal rule that due process requires a hearing prior to deprivation of a property right." 452 U.S. 264, 299-300, 101 S.Ct. 2352, 69 L.Ed.2d 1 (1981). The Court noted that the Order, which it characterized as a "summary administrative action," created the question of whether there was an exception to this normal rule. Id. at 300, 101 S.Ct. 2352. Logically, therefore, The Court ruled that this was the type of interest normally protected by due process, or no exception to the rule would have been necessary.3

The Sixth Circuit has issued decisions on pre-enforcement review and the kind of property interests that require due process protections in three cases.4 In Barmet Aluminum Corp. v. Reilly, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sent a letter to the plaintiff, inviting but not requiring it to conduct a remedial investigation. 927 F.2d 289, 290 (6th Cir.1991). The Sixth Circuit reasoned that because the plaintiff was only being offered an opportunity to reduce its liability, and not being required to conduct the investigation, there was no need for pre-enforcement review of the EPA's letter. Id. ("Thus far, Barmet has not been `forced' to do anything. Specifically, it is not required to conduct an [investigation].")

The Barmet decision does contain further guidance on the matter, however, by its reliance on three other decisions regarding pre-enforcement review. 927 F.2d at 295-96. First, it discussed Reardon v. United States, 922 F.2d 28 (1st Cir.1990), in which the court found that pre-enforcement review was required before the state could impose a lien on property under 42 U.S.C. § 9607(l)(1). Barmet, id. at 295. In Reardon, the EPA had taken cleanup actions at a polluted site, and then imposed a lien on the plaintiffs property to cover the agency's costs. Barmet, id. at 295, citing Reardon, 922 F.2d 28. Reasoning that the placing of a lien on property "clearly affects a legal right and is in more urgent need of prompt judicial review" than the decision by the agency as to what cleanup the government would undertake, the First Circuit required pre-enforcement review. Barmet, id., quoting 922 F.2d at 32.

The second decision Barmet relied on is South Macomb Disposal Auth. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 681 F.Supp. 1244 (E.D.Mich. 1988) (Pratt, J.). In South Macomb, as in Reardon, the EPA had not ordered the plaintiff to do anything, but had undertaken cleanup efforts itself, expecting to recover its costs through a later court proceeding. 681 F.Supp. 1244. Judge Pratt found that because the plaintiff would have a chance to argue that it had no liability at all in the court action the EPA would eventually bring to recover the costs, the EPA did not have to give the plaintiff a chance to dispute liability before the agency performed its own cleanup. South Macomb, id., at 1251. The Sixth Circuit quoted approvingly from a portion of the decision noting that due process did not require that the timing of the hearing be changed. 927 F.2d. at 295.

The third decision discussed in the Barmet opinion is Schalk v. Reilly, 900 F.2d 1091 (7th Cir.1990). Like the other two decisions relied on by the Sixth Circuit, it involved a plaintiff seeking a hearing as to liability before the agency conducted its own cleanup. Barmet, 927 F.2d at 296, citing Schalk, 900 F.2d at 1098. The Seventh Circuit found "no recognized constitutional rights" were implicated by the failure to hold a hearing at an earlier stage in the process. Schalk, 900 F.2d at 1098.

Since Barmet, the Sixth Circuit has issued one other decision that discussed preenforcement review, United States v. Gurley. 384 F.3d 316 (2004). In Gurley, the EPA ordered Gurley to respond to some information requests in 15 days, and he was warned that failure to do so could result in enforcement action by the EPA and civil penalties of up to $25,000 per day for noncompliance. Id. at 318. The statutory provision regarding enforcement of these information requests provided for both injunctive relief and monetary civil penalties, noting that "the court may assess a civil penalty not to exceed $25,000 for each day of noncompliance against any person who unreasonably fails to comply with this provision." Id. at 321, quoting 42 U.S.C. § 9604(e)(5)(B).5 The Sixth Circuit held that because there would be a judicial determination that federal law had been violated following a "full and fair hearing" before any penalty would be imposed, there was no constitutional requirement for a pre-enforcement hearing. Id. at 326.

Finally, in dicta, the Sixth Circuit found that the issuance of a letter stating that penalties were effective immediately did not deprive the recipient of property, because the recipient did not pay the fine, and appealed the decision so it would not be subject to any penalty. Brentwood Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Ath. Ass'n, 442 F.3d 410, 434 n. 18 (6th Cir.2006). The Sixth Circuit did not analyze Hodel in its opinion.

None of these binding precedents precisely addresses the question before me. Unlike the situation in Hodel, the Plaintiff has been ordered to plan, not to stop its entire business operation, but it has received notice of its liability for civil penalties, and the liability is growing by the day. Unlike the situation in Barmet and the cases on which it relied, the agency has ordered Plaintiff to do something, and the amount of fines to which it may be subject is controlled by the agency, because Plaintiff is not statutorily entitled to any hearing until the government decides to sue it. Unlike the situation in Gurley, where the statute required the government to prove that the noncompliance was unreasonable, in this case Pactiv has the burden of asserting sufficient cause or good faith as a defense in any court hearing. See 419 F.Supp.2d at 966 n. 7. Finally, unlike in Brentwood, Pactiv is arguing it has no opportunity to appeal the decision, and its liability is growing daily. In other words, this case falls between the previous cases, because the government has ordered Pactiv to do something, has not yet taken an affirmative step toward collecting damages for failure to follow that order, but also does not permit the order's recipient to appeal while potential liability increases daily.

B. Persuasive Precedent

Defendants rely on a district court decision from the District of Columbia, Gen. Elec. Co. v. Johnson, for the proposition that Plaintiff does not assert an interest that implicates due process concerns here. 362 F.Supp.2d 327 (D.D.C.2005). In that case, the government ordered the plaintiff to perform a cleanup without first giving the plaintiff an opportunity to be heard, and the plaintiff alleged a violation of due process. The court held the issuance of a unilateral order did not trigger a property deprivation, because the agency could only force compliance with the order by going to court.6 Id. at 339. In reaching its decision, the D.C. district court attempted to distinguish Hodel by asserting that the "Supreme Court never actually considered in Hodel whether the order of the Secretary of the Interior halting mining operations amounted to a deprivation of property." Id. at 340. It also noted that unlike the order in Hodel to cease operations immediately, the order to clean up a site "will generally entail a drawn out undertaking, which may not even commence in concrete terms for months." Id.

The only Circuit court precedent on this subject I have located that addresses Supreme Court precedent7 comes from the Second Circuit, although it does not address Hodel. In Asbestec Constr. Servs., Inc. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 849 F.2d 765, 770 (2d Cir.1988), the government issued a compliance order to the plaintiff that required it to take a number of actions, but it had not yet brought an enforcement action. Arguing that the order would limit its competitiveness to take on work, as it would be forced to disclose the existence of the order in public bidding processes, the plaintiff alleged a due process violation. Id. at 769. The court disagreed, finding no actionable liberty interest, because the plaintiff had not lost government employment, as required by the Supreme Court in defamation-based cases. Id., citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 706, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976) and Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). Citing regulations issued by the agency, the court also found no property interest, because the company was still able to seek government contracts. Id. at 770 ("If at some future time appellant was [listed as a company federal agencies may not contract with], it would be entitled under the regulations to procedural due process protections prior to the implementation of such a penalty").

C. Application to the Case at Bar

The Sixth Circuit jurisprudence on this question, while setting forth some helpful parameters, does not definitively answer whether the issuance of such an order affects the kind of interest that is protected by the Due Process Clause. Other courts have answered that question in the negative, but to do so a court must distinguish Hoclel. Although the D.C. district court stated that the Supreme Court never actually considered whether a property interest was at stake, my reading of Hodel indicates that the Court did consider the question and find such an interest. 452 U.S. at 299-300, 101 S.Ct. 2352. The D.C. Court's more convincing argument for distinguishing Hodel deals with the immediacy of the order, implying that instructions to undertake actions that may take months raise less need for immediate review than those that must be completed in a day. 362 F.Supp.2d at 340. Unfortunately, the D.C. Court offered no precedential support for this legal principle. Id. Moreover, although the Second Circuit's opinion in Asbestec points to other Supreme Court precedents creating a high bar for liberty interests, it cited no Supreme Court precedents to support its high bar for what qualifies as a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause.

In this case, like Hodel, the government ordered Plaintiff to do something. I do not find the above cases to be convincing in their attempts to distinguish that precedent, and other cases fail to address it. In motions to dismiss, I must make all inferences to the benefit of the Plaintiff, and I cannot say at this time it could prove no facts that would allow it to show an interest under the Hodel standard. Therefore, I take the next step in the due process analysis: the Mathews v. Eldridge test.

VI. Mathews v. Eldridge Factors

"[D]ne process does not require access to the courts before final administrative action. Likewise, a statute, at least in a public health area, may prohibit preenforcement judicial review." Lone Pine Steering Comm. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 777 F.2d 882, 886 (3d Cir.1985). The balancing test applied to determine how much process is due in a specific set of circumstances is "flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands." Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334, 96 S.Ct. 893; 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976), quoted by Wilson Air Ctr., LLC v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 372 F.3d 807, 817 (6th Cir.2004). In other words, whether Plaintiff is entitled to pre-enforcement review under that test depends on the result after weighing three factors: (1) the interest involved; (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of such an interest through the procedures used and the probable value of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the government's interest, including the "function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail." 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. 893.

A. Nature of the Interest

Generally speaking, interests that are pecuniary in nature are not weighted heavily in the balancing of claims. E.g., English v. Blue Cross Blue Shield, 263 Mich.App. 449, 462, 688 N.W.2d 523 (2004), Cathedral Rock of N. Coll. Hill, Inc. v. Shalala, 223 F.3d 354, 364-65 (6th Cir. 2000), quoting Northlake Cmty Hosp. v. United States, 654 F.2d 1234, 1242 (7th Cir.1981) ("a provider's financial need to be subsidized for the care of its Medicare patients is only incidental to the purpose and design of the [Medicare] program."). Here, Plaintiff has been ordered to plan, and the failure to properly plan carries monetary penalties that are incidental to the main purpose of cleanup of waste sites. Therefore, this factor adds little weight to Plaintiffs claim that pre-deprivation hearings are required.

B. Risk of Erroneous Deprivation

Plaintiff lists several factors that it says contributes to a high risk of erroneous deprivation: (1) eight different people have the authority to issue a letter under M.C.L. § 324.20114(1)(h); (2) no predicate finding of endangerment is necessary; (3) the only way to get review of an order is to refuse to obey it, and the government controls the timing of that review; (4) the "sufficient cause" defense bars the recipient from challenging the activity set forth in a demand; and (5) the statute shifts the burden to the recipient of the order.8 (Pl.'s Br. of Feb. 13, 2006.)

Plaintiff cites no precedent for the argument that the risk of erroneous deprivation is increased because multiple people can issue this type of letter, and I have found none. Therefore, I agree with the government's argument that this is not relevant to the issue here.

The second factor implicates Hodel's "normal rule that due process requires a hearing prior to deprivation of a property right," with a recognized exception for emergency situations. 452 U.S. at 300, 101 S.Ct. 2352. Essentially, Plaintiff is saying that the risk of erroneous deprivation is higher when there is no finding of endangerment made by the agency. The government alleges that the purpose of the Act as a whole is to expeditiously facilitate cleanup of hazardous waste sites which pose a danger to the environment, but does not otherwise describe its own processes before issuing a letter under M.C.L. § 324.20114(1)(h). (Def.'s Br. of Feb. 13, 2006, 10.) Additionally, for support for the second and fourth allegations, Plaintiff cites Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Whitman, 336 F.3d 1236 (11th Cir.2003). In that case, the court found a violation of the due process clause based on the fact that the order could be issued "on the basis of any information available" and because a court was never permitted to hear the question of whether the EPA had erred in issuing the order. Id. at 1243. This case is not directly on point, since here, the court would be empowered to determine whether the order was issued in error, and that hearing would take place before any penalties will be formally imposed.

As to the third allegation, there is no question that when petitioners are entitled to an additional level of review, that weighs against imposing further due process burdens on the government. Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717, 730 (6th Cir.2003). Additionally, when a party has many opportunities to attempt to settle with the agency, that lowers the risk of erroneous deprivation, even absent a hearing. Sutton v. United States SBA, 92 Fed.Appx. 112, 122 (6th Cir.2003) ("plaintiffs have had many chances to discuss the defaulted mortgage with the SBA and to attempt to arrive at a compromise.") I note that Plaintiff and Defendants have been in settlement discussions for years on end in this matter. 419 F.Supp.2d at 960-61.

Comparatively, when there is an "effective[ ] denial of a prompt hearing," that is a factor that increases risk of erroneous deprivation. Smith v. Williams-Ash, 173 Fed.Appx. 363, 366 (6th Cir.2005). Some delay in providing process, however, does not increase the risk of erroneous deprivation. City of Los Angeles v. David, 538 U.S. 715, 718, 123 S.Ct. 1895, 155 L.Ed.2d 946 (2003) ("A 30—day delay in presenting evidence is unlikely to spawn significant factual errors. Administrative and judicial proceedings normally take place after considerably more time has elapsed.") I note that the government has failed to bring an action against Pactiv to date, more than two years after Defendants concede they had notice of noncompliance. Thus, the amount of the delay is far more than the Supreme Court found untroubling in David, and raises the question of whether the long delay is effectively a denial of a prompt hearing.9 I think this much delay does increase the risk of an erroneous deprivation, although the long duration of settlement talks reduces the weight I would otherwise place on this factor.

Finally, as to the fifth contention, the D.C. Circuit has expressed concern about potential due process violations, albeit in dicta, when the burden is shifted from the government to the subject of an order. Chem. Waste Mgmt., Inc. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 56 F.3d 1434, 1438 (1995). I see this factor as increasing the risk of an erroneous deprivation.

Overall, therefore, I think Plaintiff has alleged enough of an increased risk of erroneous deprivation to allow this case to go forward at this stage, since I can only dismiss if Plaintiff undoubtedly can prove no set of facts in support of its claims. Ziegler, 249 F.3d at 512.

C. Governmental Interest

The Sixth Circuit and the Supreme Court have approved of agencies fashioning their own appropriate procedures, because they are in a "better position than federal courts or Congress itself to design procedural rules adapted to the peculiarities of the industry and the tasks of the agency involved.'" Vt. Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Res. Del Council Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 525, 98 S.Ct. 1197, 55 L.Ed.2d 460 (1978), quoted approvingly by Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717, 730 (6th Cir.2003). Therefore, courts should not to force the government to "over-invest procedurally in claims that might be assessed just as accurately without" requiring more procedural process. Wilson Air Ctr., LLC v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 372 F.3d 807, 817 (6th Cir.2004), citing Penobscot Air Servs. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 164 F.3d 713 (1st Cir.1999).

In similar situations, courts have found the government has a very strong interest in the prompt cleanup of hazardous waste sites.10 E.g., Broward Gardens Tenants Ass'n v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 311 F.3d 1066, 1076 (11th Cir.2002). Plaintiff, however, has had no discovery and therefore no opportunity to determine what additional administrative burdens and costs would be placed on the government if it were required to give an opportunity to be heard before issuing a letter making a demand under M.C.L. § 324.20114(1)(h).11 The government claims that Plaintiff has not detailed alternative processes, but the Complaint seeks "a full and fair hearing before an impartial tribunal at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." (First Am. Compl. ¶ 61.) I do not believe more is required at this stage. Without discovery, Plaintiff cannot make further factual allegations regarding the burden such a regime might have on the government. Simply put, it is too early at this stage to properly weigh this factor, since I cannot say that it is impossible for Plaintiff to prove a set of facts that would allow it to prevail, although I believe Plaintiff has a steep hill to climb.

At this time, I cannot say definitively that there is no set of facts that Plaintiff could prove that would allow me to find in its favor. After discovery, this Court will be in a better position to weigh these factors for both the facial and the as applied claim.12 Therefore, I DENY the motion to dismiss the due process challenge at this time.

VII. Intimidation by Potential Penalty( Ex parte Young )

As discussed in Part IV, Ex parte Young and its progeny offer another potential test for unconstitutionality. A law is unconstitutional if the government pursues ruinous penalties while avoiding a judicial test by refusing to bring action to recover those penalties. 209 U.S. at 147, 28 S.Ct. 441. Before any substantive discussion of this line of cases begins, I must first contend with the Supreme Court's explicitly reservation of the question of whether a party may bring suit under the Declaratory Judgment Act alleging unconstitutionality of a statute under the Ex parte Young line of reasoning. United States v. Morton Salt Co., 338 U.S. 632, 654, 70 S.Ct. 357, 94 L.Ed. 401 (1950). The Court has similarly declined to state whether the general equitable powers of the courts could provide a remedy to this problem. Id.

One possible answer to this question is to find that the Ex parte Young doctrine is a second due process test, and thus I can assume it is also being raised under § 1983 in this case. Several courts have considered Ex parte Young challenges as due process challenges in this manner, though they did not explicitly address the issue identified and avoided by the Supreme Court regarding the kind of claims that are acceptable. Wagner Seed Co. v. Daggett & Envtl. Prot. Agency, 800 F.2d 310, 315-16 (2d Cir.1986); Solid State Circuits, Inc. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 812 F.2d 383, 390 (8th Cir.1987); Gen. Elec., 362 F.Supp.2d at 342. The Sixth Circuit did consider an Ex parte Young constitutional challenge under the Declaratory Judgment Act and allowed it to go forward, although it did so before the Supreme Court raised the question of whether such actions were permitted. Interstate Transit v. City of Detroit, 46 F.2d 42, 43 (6th Cir.1931). Based on this precedent, I believe that the due process elements of Ex parte Young allow this issue to be raised under the Declaratory Judgment Act in conjunction with § 1983 as one type of due process claim. Therefore, I do not have to answer the question of whether the Ex parte Young challenge can be raised directly under the Declaratory Judgment Act.13

The Supreme Court teaches that when the subject of an order has the opportunity to appear before a court and challenge that order, and faces no penalties for his disobedience provided he can successfully establish a defense of a good faith, such a regime avoids the problem described in Ex parte Young and its progeny. Okla. Operating Co. v. Love, 252 U.S. 331, 338, 40 S.Ct. 338, 64 L.Ed. 596 (1920); Reisman et al. v. Caplin et al., 375 U.S. 440, 446, 84 S.Ct. 508, 11 L.Ed.2d 459 (1964); Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich et al., 510 U.S. 200, 218, 114 S.Ct. 771, 127 L.Ed.2d 29 (1994) (no Ex parte Young problem where a "penalty assessment[ becomes final and payable only after full review by . . . the appropriate court"). Defendants argue that since there is opportunity to make such a defense in court before the penalties would be final and payable under this statute, there can be no Ex parte Young problem.

The difficulty with that argument is that in each of those cases before the Supreme Court, the factual context regarding access to a hearing differed from that in this case. In Okla. Operating Co., the order did not issue until "after a full hearing had been given" by the agency. 235 U.S. at 660, 35 S.Ct. 214. In Reisman, the order disobeyed was a summons to a hearing, at which the recipient of the order would be given an opportunity to intervene. 375 U.S. at 446, 449, 84 S.Ct. 508. In Thunder Basin, the recipient of the order could request expedited proceedings. 510 U.S. at 218, 114 S.Ct. 771. Although other courts have relied on the statements in these decisions, none has engaged these precedents enough to explain what provision for timely access to a court is required by Ex parte Young. E.g., Wagner Seed Co., 800 F.2d at 3P4-15; Solid State Circuits, 812 F.2d 383. Since the heart of the Ex parte Young doctrine is access to the courts, I find engaging on this issue is critical in interpreting this doctrine.

Here, Plaintiff has had no hearing and there is no immediate prospect of one. There is no step that Plaintiff can take to get a hearing. Pactiv will only get a hearing if and when the government decides to bring an court action and the potential liability is growing daily. Unlike in the

Supreme Court cases discussed above, Plaintiff alleges that prompt review is not available, and that court intervention is needed in order for them to get an opportunity to be heard. See Life & Casualty Ins. Co. v. McCray, 291 U.S. 566, 574-75, 54 S.Ct. 482, 78 L.Ed. 987 (1934).

There is another reason Plaintiff might not be able to state a claim using the Ex parte Young rubric, however: the severity of the potential penalties. Penalties are considered unconstitutionally high when they intimidate the recipient of an order from resorting to the courts to test the order's validity, but constitutional when they are "the fair price of the adventure." 291 U.S. at 575, 54 S.Ct. 482, citing St. Louis, LM. & S. Ry. Co. v. Williams, 251 U.S. 63, 66, 40 S.Ct. 71, 64 L.Ed. 139 (1919) (penalties are illegal when "wholly disproportioned to the offense and obviously unreasonable.") Plaintiff has said that the cost of performing the required planning analyses would be approximately $1,200,000. (Pl.'s Br. of Feb. 13, 2006, Exh. I, Affidavit of Kenneth G. Wiley, ¶ 4.) The maximum penalty for failure to do that planning is $1,096,000, although the current amount the government would be able to seek right now is noticeably less than that.14

At this point, I am not prepared to say that there is no way that Plaintiff can show the penalty above meets the Ex parte Young standard-in other words, I will not say that the proposed penalty is unquestionably not ruinous. 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (cited for this proposition by Solid State Circuits, 812 F.2d at 385, and Union Elec. Co. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 593 F.2d 299, 305 (8th Cir. 1979)). It is well established that "the constitutionality of statutes ought not be decided except in an actual factual setting that makes such a decision necessary." Hodel, 452 U.S. at 294-295, 101 S.Ct. 2352, citing Socialist Labor Party v. Gilligan, 406 U.S. 583, 588, 92 S.Ct. 1716, 32 L.Ed.2d 317 (1972), Rescue Army v. Mun. Court, 331 U.S. 549, 568-575, 584, 67 S.Ct. 1409, 91 L.Ed. 1666 (1947), and Ala. State Fed'n of Labor v. McAdory, 325 U.S. 450, 461, 65 S.Ct. 1384, 89 L.Ed. 1725 (1945). Plaintiff urges this Court that it needs discovery to challenge this motion, and I think Defendants will benefit from greater factual development as well. See Pl.'s Br. of Feb. 13, 2006, 19. I note this is true for an Ex parte Young pattern and practice claim as well as the as applied claim.

CONCLUSION

The general rule that greater factual development is often required before a motion for summary judgment can be granted applies here. Using the standard for a motion brought under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b), for the reasons stated above, Defendants' motion must be DENIED at this time. Additionally, all parties shall attend a status conference in this case on October 18, 2006 at 10 a.m. IT IS SO ORDERED.