U.S. v. DUKE ENERGY CORP.

No. 04-1763.

411 F.3d 539 (2005)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, Environmental Defense; North Carolina Sierra Club; North Carolina Public Interest Research Group Citizen Lobby/Education Fund, Intervenors/Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. DUKE ENERGY CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee. American Lung Association; State of New York; Connecticut; Illinois; Maryland; New Hampshire; Pennsylvania; Washington, DC; Delaware; Maine; Massachusetts; New Jersey; Vermont, Amici Supporting Appellant, Manufacturers Association Work Group; Joe L. Barton, U.S. Representative; South Dakota; State of Alabama; State of Kansas; State of Nebraska; State of North Dakota; Tennessee Valley Authority; Law Professors, Jonathan Adler, Ronald A. Cass, John C. Eastman, Ernest Gellhorn, James Huffman, Donald J. Kochan, Gary Marchant, Roger Meiners, Andrew Morriss, Amici Supporting Appellee, and Utility Air Regulatory Group, Movant.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided June 15, 2005.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: Todd Sunhwae Kim, United States Department of Justice, Environment & Natural Resources Division, Washington, DC, for the United States. James Blanding Holman, IV, Southern Environmental Law Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, for Appellants Environmental Defense, North Carolina Sierra Club, and North Carolina Public Interest Research Group Citizen Lobby/Education Fund. F. William Brownell, Hunton & Williams, Washington, DC, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Thomas L. Sansonetti, Assistant Attorney General, Jason A. Dunn, John A. Bryson, United States Department of Justice, Environment & Natural Resources Division, Washington, DC; Alan Dion, Monica Derbes Gibson, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., for the United States. Jeffrey M. Gleason, Southern Environmental Law Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellants Environmental Defense, North Carolina Sierra Club, and North Carolina Public Interest Research Group Citizen Lobby/Education Fund. Garry S. Rice, Duke Energy Corporation, Charlotte, North Carolina; Dean M. Moesser, Duke Energy Corporation, Houston, Texas; T. Thomas Cottingham, III, Nash E. Long, III, Hunton & Williams, L.L.P., Charlotte, North Carolina; Mark B. Bierbower, Henry V. Nickel, Makram B. Jaber, Hunton & Williams, L.L.P., Washington, DC, for Appellee. Alan Birnbaum, Clean Air Task Force, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amicus Curiae, American Lung Association, Supporting Appellant. Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General of New York, Caitlin J. Halligan, Solicitor General, Daniel Smirlock, Deputy Solicitor General, Peter Lehner, Assistant Attorney General, J. Jared Snyder, Assistant Attorney General, Scott Bassinson, Assistant Attorney General, Environmental Protection Bureau, Albany, New York, for Amicus Curiae, State of New York, Supporting Appellant. Richard Blumenthal, Attorney General of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, for Amicus Curiae, Connecticut, Supporting Appellant. Lisa Madigan, Attorney General of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus Curiae, Illinois, Supporting Appellant. J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, for Amicus Curiae, Maryland, Supporting Appellant. Kelly A. Ayotte, Attorney General of New Hampshire, Concord, New Hampshire, for Amicus Curiae, New Hampshire, Supporting Appellant. Susan Shinkman, Chief, Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for Amicus Curiae, Pennsylvania, Supporting Appellant. Robert J. Spagnoletti, Attorney General of District of Columbia, Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae, Washington, DC, Supporting Appellant. M. Jane Brady, Attorney General of Delaware, Dover, Delaware, for Amicus Curiae, Delaware, Supporting Appellant. G. Steven Rowe, Attorney General of Maine, Augusta, Maine, for Amicus Curiae, Maine, Supporting Appellant. Thomas F. Reilly, Attorney General of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amicus Curiae, Massachusetts, Supporting Appellant. Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey, for Amicus Curiae, New Jersey, Supporting Appellant. William H. Sorrell, Attorney General of Vermont, Montpelier, Vermont, for Amicus Curiae, Vermont, Supporting Appellant. Charles H. Knauss, Robert V. Zener, Swidler, Berlin, Shereff, Friedman, L.L.P., Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae, Manufacturers Association Work Group, Supporting Appellee. C. Boyden Gray, Wilmer, Cutler, Pickering, Hale And Dorr, L.L.P., Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae, U.S. Representative Joe L. Barton, Supporting Appellee. Lawrence E. Long, Attorney General of the State of South Dakota, Roxanne Giedd, Deputy Attorney General, Pierre, South Dakota, for Amicus Curiae, South Dakota, Supporting Appellee. Troy King, Attorney General of the State of Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, for Amicus Curiae, State of Alabama, Supporting Appellee. Phill Kline, Attorney General of the State of Kansas, David W. Davies, Deputy Attorney General, Topeka, Kansas, for Amicus Curiae, State of Kansas, Supporting Appellee. Joe Bruning, Attorney General of the State of Nebraska, Jodi M. Fenner, Assistant Attorney General, Lincoln, Nebraska, for Amicus Curiae, State of Nebraska, Supporting Appellee. Wayne Stenehjem, Attorney General of the State of North Dakota, Charles M. Carvell, Assistant Attorney General, Lyle G. Witham, Assistant Attorney General, Dean J. Haas, Assistant Attorney General, Bismarck, North Dakota, for Amicus Curiae, State of North Dakota, Supporting Appellee. Maureen H. Dunn, General, Harriet A. Cooper, Assistant General Counsel, Gregory R. Signer, Senior Environmental, Frank H. Lancaster, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of the General, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Amicus Curiae, Tennessee Valley Authority, Supporting Appellee. David B. Rivkin, Jr., Lee A. Casey, Darin R. Bartram, Baker & Hostetler, L.L.P., Washington, DC, for Amici Curiae, Law Professors, Jonathan Adler, Ronald A. Cass, John C. Eastman, Ernest Gellhorn, James Huffman, Donald J. Kochan, Gary Marchant, Roger Meiners, Andrew Morriss, Supporting Appellee.

Before LUTTIG and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and Samuel G. WILSON, United States District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge MOTZ wrote the opinion, in which Judge LUTTIG and Judge WILSON joined.

OPINION

DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge.

The United States brought this enforcement action against Duke Energy Corporation, which provides North Carolina and South Carolina with electricity generated from eight plants located throughout the two states. The United States maintains that Duke Energy...

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