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SKOKOMISH INDIAN TRIBE v. U.S.

Nos. 01-35028, 01-35845.

401 F.3d 979 (2005)

SKOKOMISH INDIAN TRIBE, a federally recognized Indian tribe in its own capacity as a class representative and as parens patriae; Denny S. Hurtado; Gordon A. James; Joseph Pavel; Anne Pavel; Maures P. Tinaza; Celeste F. Vigil; Roslynne L. Reed; Gary W. Peterson; Rita C. Andrews; Tom G. Strong; Marie E. Gouley; Victoria J. Pavel; Dennis W. Allen; Joseph Andrews, Sr.; Zetha Cush; Elsie M. Allen; Alex L. Gouley, Jr.; Lawrence L. Kenyon; Doris Miller; Gerald B. Miller; Helen M. Rudy; Ronald D. Twiddy, Sr.; Nick G. Wilbur, Sr., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America; Tacoma Public Utilities, a Washington municipal corporation; City of Tacoma, a Washington municipal corporation; William Barker, Tacoma Public Utilities Board Member in his official capacity; Tom Hilyard, Tacoma Public Utilities Board Member in his official capacity; Robert Lane; Tim Strege; G.E. Vaughn, Defendants-Appellees. Skokomish Indian Tribe, a federally recognized Indian tribe in its own capacity as a class representative and as parens patriae; Denny S. Hurtado; Gordon A. James; Joseph Pavel; Anne Pavel; Maures P. Tinaza; Celeste F. Vigil; Roslynne L. Reed; Gary W. Peterson; Rita C. Andrews; Tom G. Strong; Marie E. Gouley; Victoria J. Pavel; Dennis W. Allen; Joseph Andrews, Sr.; Zetha Cush; Elsie M. Allen; Alex L. Gouley, Jr.; Lawrence L. Kenyon; Doris Miller; Gerald B. Miller; Helen M. Rudy; Ronald D. Twiddy, Sr.; Nick G. Wilbur, Sr., Skokomish Indian Tribal members for themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Tacoma Public Utilities, a Washington municipal corporation; City of Tacoma, a Washington municipal corporation; William Barker, Tacoma Public Utilities Board Member in his official capacity; Tom Hilyard, Tacoma Public Utilities Board Member in his official capacity; Robert Lane; Tim Strege; G.E. Vaughn; United States Internal Revenue Service, Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed March 9, 2005.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Mason D. Morisset, Morisset, Schloser, Jozwiak & McGaw, Seattle, Washington, for the plaintiffs-appellants.

Philip H. Lynch, Assistant United States Attorney, Tacoma, Washington, for defendant-appellee the United States.

J. Richard Creatura, Gordon, Thomas, Honeywell, Melanca, Peterson & Daheim, LLP, Tacoma, Washington, for defendants-appellees the City of Tacoma and Tacoma Public Utilities.

Philip E. Katzen, Kanji & Katzen, PLLC, Seattle, Washington, for the amici curiae.

Before: SCHROEDER, Chief Judge, PREGERSON, KOZINSKI, RYMER, GRABER, GOULD, PAEZ, BERZON, RAWLINSON, BYBEE and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge KOZINSKI; Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge GRABER; Dissent by Judge BERZON.

KOZINSKI, Circuit Judge:

Can an Indian tribe bring claims against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act for violation of a treaty, or against a city and a public utility under a treaty and 42 U.S.C. § 1983?

FACTS

The Skokomish Indian Tribe ("Tribe") and its members brought suit in federal district court against the...

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