ORTHOPEDIC ASSOCIATES OF HAWAII, INC.; Robert E. Atkinson, M.D.; Gregory H. Chow, M.D.; Albert C.K. Chun-Hoon, M.D.; Darryl M. Kan, M.D.; Thomas J. Kane, III, M.D.; Dean G. Lorich, M.D.; Jay M. Marumoto, M.D.; Calvin S. Oishi, M.D.; Alan N. Oki, M.D.; Alan Pavel, M.D.; Allen B. Richardson, M.D.; Daniel I. Singer, M.D.; Honolulu Sports Medical Clinic, Inc.; Chet Nierenberg, M.D.; Robert Smith, M.D.; Peter Diamond, M.D.; Maui Radiology Consultants; Eugene C. Wasson, III, M.D.; David J. Heeney, M.D.; George S. Boren, M.D.; Christopher A. Neal, M.D.; Scott R. Boren, M.D.; James A. Bendon, M.D.; Geoffrey M. Murrish; Hawaii Orthopaedics, Inc.; Edward Gutteling, M.D.; Jean Marine, M.D.; Arthur Rehme, M.D.; John Azzato, M.D.; Frank Osborne, M.D.; Rolf Drinhaus, M.D.; John Chase, M.D.; Thomas Schott, M.D.; William Faloon, M.D.; Patrick Padilla, M.D.; Denise Williamson, M.D.; Jon Scarpino, M.D.; Alan Larimer, M.D.; Robert Medoff, M.D.; Linda J. Rasmussen, M.D.; Edward A. Alquero, M.D., individually and dba Edward A. Alquero, M.D., Inc.; Kheng See Ang, M.D.; Steven Azuma, M.D.; Lee Au, M.D.; Ernest L. Bade, M.D., individually and dba Ernest L. Bade, Inc.; Alistair Bairos, M.D.; Charles H. Ballard, D.O., individually and dba Kihei Wailea Medical Center; John Bellati, M.D., individually and dba West Hawaii Orthopedics, Inc.; Barry Blum, M.D., individually and dba Barry Blum, M.D., Inc.; Wiley Brunel, M.D.; Susan Cauley, M.D., individually and dba Susan Cauley, M.D., Inc.; Denis Chan, M.D., individually and dba Denis Chan, M.D., Inc.; Robert K. Chinn, M.D.; Kevin C. Chen, M.D., individually and dba Kevin C. Chen, M.D., Inc., F.A.C.O.C.; Mark L. Cohen, M.D., individually and dba Mark L. Cohen, M.D., Inc.; Maxwell A. Cooper, M.D., individually and dba Maxwell A. Cooper, M.D., Ltd.; Kent Davenport, M.D.; Geoffrey V. Davis, M.D., individually and dba Geoffrey V. Davis, M.D., Inc.; Teresa Ann Denney, D.O.; Alan C. deSilva, M.D., individually and dba Alan C. deSilva, M.D., Inc.; Michael J. Dimitrion, M.D., individually and dba Michael J. Dimitrion, M.D., Inc.; Lorne K. Direnfeld, M.D., individually and dba Maui Neurological Associates, Inc.; Fortunato V. Elizaga, M.D.; Judy Ann Emanuel, D.O.; Paul T. Esaki, M.D., individually and dba Paul T. Esaki, M.D., Inc.; Frank A. Farren, M.D., individually and dba Frank A. Farren, M.D., Inc.; Gerald D. Faulkner, M.D., individually and dba Gerald D. Faulkner, M.D., Inc.; Peter Gabin, M.D.; Peter A. Galpin, M.D.; Kristin Gebrowsky, M.D.; James L. Grobe, M.D.; Jed A. Groom, M.D.; Jon Harrell, M.D.; Robert S. Harvey, M.D., individually and dba Robert S. Harvey, M.D., Inc.; John Heaster, M.D.; W. Douglas B. Hiller, M.D., individually and dba Hiller Orthopedic, Inc.; Jonathan James, M.D., individually and dba Kona Coast Internal Medicine, Inc.; Alfonso Jimenez, M.D.; Donald A. Jones, M.D.; Aaron S. Kaichi, M.D.; Raymond Kang, M.D., individually and dba Omnicare Medical Clinic; Neil Thomas Katz, M.D., individually and dba Maui Sports Medicine Center, Inc.; William G. Kepler, M.D.; Bradon Yoshio Kimura, M.D.; Richard Y. Kimura, M.D., individually and dba Richard Y. Kimura, M.D., Inc.; Roger T. Kimura, M.D.; Allan R. Kunimoto, M.D.; Clifford K.H. Lau, M.D., individually and dba Clifford K.H. Lau, M.D., Inc.; Della Lin, M.D.; Blase B. Lee Loy, M.D.; Panu Limpisvasti, M.D.; Stephen Lim, M.D.; Dennis B. Lind, M.D.; Robert F. Lindberg, M.D.; James Lumeng, M.D.; Eugene Magnier, M.D.; Scott Mandel, M.D.; Franklin Marcus, M.D.; Ikuo Maeda, M.D.; Christopher M. Marsh, M.D.; Robert C. Marvit, M.D.; Gerald W. Mayf[i]eld, M.D.; Michael R. McCarthy, M.D., individually and dba McCarthy Orthopedic Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Inc.; Timothy F. McDevitt, M.D.; Gerald J. McKenna, M.D.; Morris Mitsunaga, M.D., individually and dba Morris Mitsunaga, M.D., Inc.; Patrick Chandler Murray, M.D.; Rolland K. Nakashima, M.D., individually and dba Rolland K. Nakashima, M.D., Inc.; George F. Nardin, M.D.; Frederick A. Nitta, M.D., individually and dba Frederick A. Nitta, M.D., Inc.; James E. Oda, M.D., individually and dba James E. Oda, M.D., Inc.; Timothy F. Olderr, M.D.; David Lee Pang, M.D., individually and dba David Lee Pang, M.D., Inc.; Michael Anthony Pasquale, D.O.; Richard Alexander Perrie, M.D.; Ronald P. Peroff, M.D., individually and dba Ronald P. Peroff, M.D., Inc.; Robert L. Peterson, M.D., individually and dba Robert L. Peterson, M.D., Inc.; Michael Soo-Chen PI, M.D.; Jordan S. Popper, M.D., individually and dba Jordan S. Popper, M.D., Inc.; David J. Randell, M.D.; Elmber H. Ratzlaff, M.D., individually and dba Kihei Clinic; Gary S. Rinzler, M.D.; Peter Andrew Roney, M.D.; Charles Salzberg, M.D., individually and dba Charles Salzberg, M.D., Inc.; Thomas H. Sakoda, M.D.; Robert L. Schiff, M.D.; James F. Scoggin, III, M.D.; Michael H.T. Sia, M.D., individually and dba Michael H.T. Sia, M.D., Inc.; Robert Reid Sloan, M.D.; John S. Smith, M.D., individually and dba John S. Smith, M.D., Inc.; Terry G. Smith, M.D.; Charles A. Soma, M.D., individually and dba Northshore Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine; Keith Soper, M.D. individually and dba Maui Spinoscopy; Thomas J. Spallino, M.D.; Susan Steinemann, M.D.; John W. Stiller, M.D., F.A.A.N.; Allen Strasberger, M.D., individually and dba Pacific Plastic Surgery, Inc.; Randall M. Suzuka, M.D., individually and dba Haleiwa Family Clinic, Inc. dba Haleiwa Family Health Center; Ramon Sy, M.D.; Masao Takai, M.D., individually and dba M. Takai, M.D., Inc.; Terry A. Vernoy, M.D., individually and dba Terry A. Vernoy, M.D., Inc.; Dennis L. Watkins, M.D.; Franklin Yamamoto, M.D.; Choon Kia Yeo, M.D., individually and dba Choon Kia Yeo, M.D., Inc.; Walter K.W. Young, M.D.; Ira D. Zunin, M.D., M.P.H.; Cholbae Kim, M.D.; Franklin Ramos, PH.D.; James A. Ferrier, M.D.; and
Hawaii State Chiropractic Association, Inc.; Robert J. Abdy, D.C., individually and dba Robert J. Abdy, D.C., Inc.; Lisa Baptista, D.C., individually and dba Baptista Chiropractic; Larry Belcher, D.C.; Gary Bell, D.C.; Gary M. Bell, D.C., individually and dba Spinal Dynamics Healthcare Clinic, also dba Kamaaina Chiropractic; Craig Benzel, D.C.; Beverly Bigbee, D.C.; Thomas Edward Bowles, D.C., individually and dba Haleiwa Chiropractic Clinic; Chalmers Lawson Cannon, D.C.; Joseph Cardinalli, D.C.; Keith Castilloux, D.C.; Rik Cederstrom, D.C.; Donald T.L. Ching, D.C.; Donna-Lynn Ching, D.C., individually and dba Kaimuki Back Care Center; Ames Chow, D.C.; Rodney Chun, D.C.; Ted Chun, D.C., individually and dba Mililani Back Care Center, Inc., also dba Downtown Chiropractic Center; Randy R. Collins, D.C., individually and dba Randy R. Collins, D.C., Inc., also dba T.A.R.G.E.T.; Lawrence Connors, D.C., individually and dba Family Chiropractic Center, also dba Windward Rehabilitation Center, also dba Windward Therapeutic Massage Center; Jeffrey Daso, D.C., individually and dba Keahou Chiropractic; Frank Davis, D.C., Edward Dawrs, D.C. and Jill Dawrs, D.C., individually and dba Keawe Chiropractic Center; Rhody Edwards, D.C.; Linda A. Fickes, D.C.; Robert Gallagher, D.C., individually and dba Tri Star Health Care, Inc.; William Carl Gallegos, M.S., D.C.; Timothy A. Griffin, D.C.; Robert Harrison, D.C., individually and dba Robert Harrison, D.C., Inc., also dba Spinal Dynamics Healthcare Clinic; James Hattaway, D.C.; Tim H. Hendlin, D.C., individually and dba Hendlin Chiropractic Health Center; Randall W. Hill, D.C.; individually and dba Chirocenter; Scott T. Hirashiki, D.C., individually and dba Hirashiki Chiropractic Center, formerly known as Oahu Family Chiropractic Center; Alice Holm-Ogawa, D.C.; Karl Hynes, D.C.; Andrew M. Janssen, D.C.; John Jarolimek, D.C.; Steven Key, D.C., individually and dba Ohana Hale Chiropractic Clinic, Inc.; Gina Kim, D.C.; William Kim, D.C., individually and dba Injury Care Clinic; Lindsey J. Kimura, D.C.; individually and dba Hawaii Chiropractic Clinic; Eugene Kitts, D.C., individually and dba Newtown Chiropractic & Naturopathic Clinic, Inc.; Robert Klein, D.C., individually and dba Klein Chiropractic Center; Tim F. Krantz, D.C., individually and dba Chiropractic Care of Hawaii; Douglas Kroll, D.C.; Paul W.Y. Kurihara, D.C., LMT, individually and dba Chiropractic Shiatsu Health Center; Ann Landes, D.C.; Alejandro Lazo, D.C., individually and dba Alejandro Lazo, D.C., Inc., also dba Maui Spinal Care, formerly known as Masters, D.C., individually and dba Masters Back and Neck Pain Relief Center; Dale McSherry, D.C.; Dennis Momyer, D.C., individually and dba Momyer Chiropractic; Stacy T. Nagareda, D.C.; Dean Nelson, D.C., individually and dba Windhorse Healthcare; Yu Nguyen, D.C.; Susan A. Nickerson, D.C.; individually and dba Diamond Head Chiropractic; Rex K. Niimoto, D.C.; individually and dba Rex Niimoto, D.C., Inc., also dba Pearlridge Chiropractic Center; Chris Nowicki, D.C.; Barry J. Nutter, D.C., individually and dba Holistic Wellness Center of Hawaii, Inc., also dba Nutter Chiropractic & Sports Medicine Clinic, Inc.; Ryoichi Ogawa, D.C., individually and dba Ogawa Chiropractic, Inc.; Nicholas G. Opie, D.C., individually and dba Nicholas G. Opie, D.C., Inc.; Maude Panganiban, D.C.; Greg Y. Song, D.C., individually and dba Valley Isle Chiropractic; Harvelee Leite-Ah Yo, D.C.; Howard M. Martin, II, D.C., individually and dba Big Island Chiropractic, also dba Accident Industrial Injury Clinic; Kurt Mariano, D.C.; Michael J. Panganiban, D.C.; Alan R. Pearson, D.C.; Rand Pellegrino, D.C.; Paul K. Pestana, D.C.; individually and dba Aina Haina Chiropractic Clinic; Michael C. Pierner, D.C., individually and dba Kihei Chiropractic Center, Inc.; Clinic; James Pleiss, D.C.; Albert L. Police, D.C.; Jill Potter, D.C.; John T. Rathjen, D.C., individually and dba Rathjen Clinic; Lawrence A. Redmond, D.C., individually and dba Kaimuki Chiropractic Center; Dennis G. Rahtigan, D.C.; Jeffrey B. Ronning, individually and dba Ronning Chiropractic Research, also dba Family Chiropractic Clinic of Kaimuki; Gary Ryan, D.C., individually and dba Ryan Chiropractic Offices; Gary K. Saito, D.C., individually and dba Saito Chiropractic Office; Laurie Shebs, D.C.; Mitchel T. Shimamura, D.C.; Gary M. Soli, D.C., individually and dba Gary M. Soli, D.C., Inc., dba Chiropractic Health Services; Bret Steels, D.C.; Patrick J. Sullivan, D.C., individually and dba Patrick J. Sullivan, D.C., Inc., also dba Moanalua Chiropractic Center; Howard Tang, D.C., individually and dba Sports & Family Chiropractic Clinic; Gary Tanksley, D.C., individually and dba Tanksley Chiropractic Office, also dba Gary Tanksley, Inc.; Stephen A. Tarek, D.C.; Robert I. Toda, D.C.; Ross Trivas, D.C.; Frances Tully, D.C., individually and dba Chiropractic Health Care of Hawaii; Alfred R. Valenzuela, D.C.; Diana Walton, D.C. and Steven Walton, D.C., individually and dba Lahaina Health Center; Thomas Walton, D.C., individually and dba Leeward Chiropractic Center, Inc.; William K. Watanabe, D.C., individually and dba Ted S. Watanabe, Inc., also dba McCully Chiropractic Center; Rex Weigel, D.C.; Richard L. Wilcox. D.C., individually and dba Wilcox Health & Rehabilitation Center; Candace Williams, D.C.; Kenneth Williams, D.C., individually and dba Kenneth Williams, D.C., Inc., also dba Waimea Chiropractic Clinic; Dale K. Yamauchi, D.C., individually and dba Yamauchi Chiropractic, Inc.; Michael Young, D.C., individually and dba Young Health Clinic, Inc., also dba Health & Accident Clinic, Inc.; Raymond Yoza, D.C., individually and dba Yoza Chiropractic Office; Lois Campbell, D.C.; Malama Chiropractic Clinic; Joseph Morelli, D.C.; Michael J. Masters, D.C.; Lezlie Bignami, D.C.; and
Healthsouth, fka Pacific Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine ("PRSM"); Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Eagle Rehab Corp., a Division of Horizon/CMS; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Maui Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Kona Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Hilo Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Maui Rehab; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Kona Rehab; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Hilo Rehab; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Pacific Rehab; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Pacific Rehab, Inc.; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Therapy Specialists, Inc.; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Central Oahu Rehabilitation; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Advance Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Inc.; Healthsouth, fka PRSM dba Leeward Back & Neck, Inc; Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Hawaii (Maui); Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Hawaii Satellite 1 (Maui); Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Hawaii Satellite 2 (Maui); Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Hawaii Satellite 3 (Maui); Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Kaimuki; Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Honolulu; Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Honolulu Satellite 1; Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Waipahu; Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation Center (Hilo); Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation Center Satellite 1 (Pahoa); Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation Center of Kona; Healthsouth dba Healthsouth Rehabilitation Center of Kauai; Healthsouth dba Kinesis Hawaii Inc.; Healthsouth dba Aloha Physical Therapy Inc.; The Independent Physical Therapy Network of Hawaii; Patients in Transition; Rainbow Rehabilitation Services Inc. dba Perch; Action Rehab, Inc.; Hawaii Ergonomic and Rehabilitation Clinic, Inc.; Hawaii Physical Therapy, Inc.; Island Rehab, Inc.; Mauka Physical Therapy; John Bason, P.T., individually and dba Kona Physical Therapy, Ltd.; Richard E. Blitzer, R.P.T.; Greg S. Collins, L.M.T.; Anthony DiFrancisco, L.M.T.; Charles Gardner, individually and dba Lahaina Acupuncture & Massage Center; Betty Lau, L.M.T., individually and dba Haloa; Ronald Y. Hanagami, P.T.; Scott Harvey, individually and dba Biofeedback Center of The Pacific, Inc.; Brian H. Hozaki, individually and dba Hozaki Physical Therapy; Jonathan B. Light, M.D., L.A.C.; Maitreyi R. Light, L.M.T.; K.T. Mellon, L.A.C., M.A.S.; Jennifer Nicklaw, L.M.T.; Neil Primack, P.T., individually and dba Integrative Physical Therapy; Lorita Whitney, individually and dba Witko, Inc. dba Hawaii Kai Therapeutic Center, also dba Holistic Center of the Pacific, Inc.; Victor M. Yamamoto, individually and dba Universal Massage; Kalihi Rehab Services, Inc.; Waianae Valley Physical Therapy, Inc.; Waipahu Physical Therapy, Inc.; Russell K. Yamada, P.T. dba Total Fitness Physical Therapy; Active Rehab; Acupuncture Associates of Oahu; Health Ventures, Inc.; Pacific Physical Therapy, Inc.; Allan Yamauchi, L.M.T.; Hawaiian Rehab Services, Inc.; Drew Yamamoto, L.M.T.; and
Workstar Occupational Health Systems, Inc.; Maui Occupational Healthcenter, Inc.; Kabba Anand, D.A.C.; Elly Huang, D.P.M.; Paula Lenny, M.D.; Jennifer Nicklaw, L.M.T.; Brett Snellgrove, R.P.T.; Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
HAWAIIAN INSURANCE & GUARANTY COMPANY, LTD.; First Insurance Company of Hawaii, Ltd.; Geico; Pacific Insurance Company, Ltd.; Dai-Tokyo Royal State Insurance Company, Ltd.; Progressive Adjusting Company, Inc.; Budget Rent-A-Car Systems, Inc.; Aig Hawaii Insurance Company, Inc.; United Services Automobile Association; Island Insurance Company, Ltd.; ADP Integrated Medical Solutions, Inc. fna Medical Billing Review Services, Inc.; Medcost, Inc.; Allstate Insurance Company; Alexis; Liberty Mutual Group; State Farm Insurance Company; Tig Insurance Company; Aetna Life & Casualty; Crawford & Company; Fireman's Fund Insurance Company; Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance Company, Ltd.; Travelers Property Casualty; John Does 1-10; Jane Does 1-10; Doe Partnerships 1-10; Doe Corporations 1-10 and Doe Entities 1-10, Defendants-Appellees.
