Opinion by Judge O'SCANNLAIN; Concurrence by Judge BERZON
O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge.
We must decide several issues under the Fourth Amendment and the alien smuggling statutes presented by a scheme to bring Chinese aliens into the United States via Guam and Hawaii for financial gain.
I
On October 19, 1999, an Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) agent stationed at Guam International Airport stopped two passengers attempting to
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