JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
I.
Kenneth Ford is an orthopedic surgeon who has contracted with various health maintenance organizations ("HMO's") as a specialist. In May 1996, he sued the defendant HMO's, claiming multiple causes of action stemming from their allegedly deceptive advertising. All of Ford's claims were dismissed over a period of several years.
Ford now appeals two of the district court's rulings: its 1999 decision to deny class certification...
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