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U.S. v. WATKINS

Nos. 00-50656, 00-50682.

278 F.3d 961 (2002)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jack WATKINS, Defendant-Appellant. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Cap Tab Nutritional Formulating and Manufacturing Inc., Defendant-Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed January 29, 2002.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Eugene G. Iredale, Bethany O'Neill, San Diego, CA, for the defendant-appellant.

Patrick K. O'Toole, United States Attorney, Melanie K. Pierson, Assistant United States Attorney, United States Attorney's Office, San Diego, CA, for the plaintiff-appellee.

Before: FERNANDEZ, KLEINFELD, and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge McKEOWN; Dissent by Judge FERNANDEZ.

McKEOWN, Circuit Judge.

Section 303 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"), 21 U.S.C. § 333(a)(2), imposes felony liability for misbranding "with the intent to defraud or mislead." The question presented is whether this provision requires proof of materiality. We hold that materiality must be proven as an element of the offense under either a theory of intent to defraud or a theory of intent...

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