ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES v. U.S.

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES; American Medical Association; The American Hospital Association; Association of Academic Health Centers; California Medical Association; California Healthcare Association; Healthcare Association of New York State; Medical Group Management Association; The Regents of the University of California, on behalf of the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine College of Medicine and University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine; Loma Linda University Healthcare, Inc.; Allegheny University of the Health Sciences; University of Colorado; Trustees of Indiana University; The John Hopkins University; Regents University of Michigan; Montefiore Medical Center; Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska; Board of Regents University Medical Associates; State University of New York; Medical College of Wisconsin; University Physicians Inc. and University of Maryland Neurosurgery Associates PA; University of Maryland Physical Therapy Associates PA; University of Maryland Diagnostic Imaging Specialists; University of Maryland Pathology Associates PA; University of Maryland Anesthesia Associates PA; University of Maryland Dermatologies PA; University of Maryland Oncology Associates PA; University of Maryland Family Medicine Associates PA; University of Maryland Psychiatry Associates PA; University of Maryland Emergency Medicine Associates; Shock Trauma Associates PA; University of Maryland Radiation Oncology Associates PA; University of Maryland Medicine PA; University of Maryland Neurology Associates PA; University of Maryland OB/GYN Associates PA; University of Maryland Pediatric Associates PA; University of Maryland Eye Associates PA; University of Kansas; Kansas University Anesthesiology Foundation; Kansas Family Medical Foundation; Kansas University Internal Medicine Foundation; Kansas University Neurological Foundation; Kansas University Gynecological & Obstetrical Foundation; Kansas University Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Foundation; University Pathology Associates; Kansas University Childrens Center Foundation; Kansas University Psychiatry Foundation; Kansas University Clinical Radiology Foundation; Kansas University Radiation Therapy Foundation; Kansas University Rehabilitation Medicine Association; Kansas University Surgery Association; Kansas University Ophthalmic Foundation; Massachusetts Hospital Associations, Inc.; American Medical Group Association; American College of Cardiology; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Association of Academic Physiatrists; American College of Rheumatology; American Society of Clinical Pathologists; American College of Surgeons; American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; American Academy Ophthalmology; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons; American Lung Association and its Medical Section the American Thoracic Society; American Urological Association; American Academy of Dermatology; American Society of Anesthesiologists; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; American Academy of Family Physicians; American Psychiatric Association; American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons; American Academy of Pediatrics; American College of Osteopathic Surgeons; Association of Academic Departments of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.