Judges CALABRESI and KATZMANN file separate concurring opinions.
CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:
After a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Robert P. Patterson, Jr., J.), plaintiff-appellee Debra Ciraolo was awarded $19,645 in compensatory damages and $5,000,000 in punitive damages against defendant-appellant the City of New York (the "City"), in her suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for, inter alia,
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