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U.S. v. BRONX REPTILES, INC.

Docket No. 98-1686

217 F.3d 82 (2000)

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. BRONX REPTILES, INC., Defendant-Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Decided June 30, 2000.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Irving Heisler, New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellant.

Stanley N. Alpert, Assistant United States Attorney, Eastern District of New York (Zachary W. Carter, United States Attorney, Eastern District of New York, and Emily Berger, Assistant United States Attorney, Eastern District of New York, of counsel), for Appellee.

Before: OAKES, CABRANES, and SACK, Circuit Judges.

Judge OAKES dissents in a separate opinion.

SACK, Circuit Judge:

We return in this appeal to a vexatious problem. When a criminal statute renders unlawful an act "knowingly" undertaken by the defendant, what must the extent of the defendant's knowledge be to permit conviction?

The defendant, Bronx Reptiles, Inc., was convicted following a bench trial in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Cheryl L. Pollak, Magistrate...

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