CYR, Senior Circuit Judge.
Appellants challenge the convictions and sentences imposed for their respective roles in an armed hostage-taking which took place in the District of Puerto Rico in 1997. For the most part, but see infra Sections II.A.2.b & II.D, their appeals fail.
I
BACKGROUND
On August 17, 1997, appellant Pena-Morfe and a person called "Charlie" abducted Richardson Leo Mieses-Pimentel at gunpoint as he was...
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