CUDAHY, Circuit Judge.
Joseph Waites, the student-manager of the Calumet High School football team in Chicago, was shot dead when he and other members of the football team got into a street scuffle with local gang members. A jury convicted Clarence Gardner of the first degree murder of Waites, and he was sentenced to 35 years in prison. Gardner, a self-professed gang member, was tried on a theory of accountability. At trial, the jury heard that, while Gardner neither...
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