The COALITION FOR ECONOMIC EQUITY; California NAACP; Northern California NAACP; California Labor Federation; AFL-CIO; Council of Asian American Business Associations, California; Chinese American Citizens' Alliance; Women Construction Business Owners and Executives, California Chapter; United Minority Business Entrepreneurs; Chinese for Affirmative Action; Black Advocates in State Service; Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance; La Voz Chicana; Black Chamber of Commerce of California; Michele Bennett; Nancy Burns; Floyd Chavez; Christopher Clay; Dana Cunningham; Iran Celeste Davila; Shevade Dove, nfr Melodie Dove; Jessica Lopez; Virginia Mosqueda; Salvador Ochoa; Clifford Tong, Plaintiffs/Appellees,
v.
Pete WILSON, Governor; Daniel E. Lungren, Attorney General for the State of California; Joanne Corday Kozberg, Secretary of State and Consumer Services Agency and Cabinet Member; James Gomez, Dir., Dept. of Corr., Defendants/Appellants,
Californians Against Discrimination and Preferences, Inc., Defendant-Intervenor/Appellant.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Argued February 10, 1997.
Submission Deferred, and Submitted March 3, 1997.
Decided April 8, 1997.
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing and Rehearing August 21, 1997.
Opinions Regarding Denial of Rehearing August 28, 1997.
Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
Daniel E. Lungren, Attorney General, Floyd D. Shimomura, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Linda A. Cabatic, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Marsha A. Bedwell, Deputy Attorney General, Paul H. Dobson, Deputy Attorney General, Sacramento, CA, for defendants-appellants Pete Wilson, Governor, et al.
Michael A. Carvin, Charles J. Cooper, Michael W. Kirk, David H. Thompson, Cooper & Carvin, Washington, DC, Michael E. Rosman, Hans Bader, Center for Individual Rights, Washington, DC, and Manuel S. Klausner, Los Angeles, CA, for defendant-intervenor/appellant Californians Against Discrimination and Preferences, Inc.
Mark D. Rosenbaum, Daniel P. Takaji, ACLU Foundation of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Edward Chen, ACLU Foundation of Northern California, San Francisco, CA, and Evan H. Caminker, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA, for plaintiffs/appellees Coalition for Economic Equity, et al.
G. Scott Emblidge, Deputy City Attorney, San Francisco, CA, for defendants City and County of San Francisco and County of Marin.
Samuel R. Bagenstos, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae United States.
Christine A. Littleton, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA, for amici curiae Ad Hoc Committee of University of California Faculty and Center for Constitutional Rights.
Alfred C. Pfeiffer, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, San Francisco, CA, David Benjamin Oppenheimer, Associate Professor of Law, Golden Gate University, San Francisco, CA, for amici curiae American Jewish Congress et al.
Pamela S. Karlan, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA, for amici curiae Alan Brownstein et al.
Tamu K. Sudduth, Morrison & Foerster, San Francisco, CA, for amici curiae A. Ruiz Construction Company and Associates, Inc., Chiang C.M. Construction, Inc., and Cresci Electric, Inc.
Jack D. Forbes, University of California, Davis, for amicus curiae Jack D. Forbes.
Sharon L. Browne, Pacific Legal Foundation, Sacramento, CA, for amici curiae Richard Hanlin, et al.
Theodore B. Olson, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae Independent Women's Forum.
Clint Bolick, Institute for Justice, Washington, DC, for amici curiae Institute for Justice et al.
G. Michael German, Law Offices of G. Michael German, San Francisco, CA, for amicus curiae Log Cabin Republicans of California.
Frank Wu, Howard University School of Law, Washington, DC, for amici curiae National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium et al.
Kevin T. Snider, United States Justice Foundation, Escondido, CA, for amici curiae United States Justice Foundation et al.
Before: O'SCANNLAIN, LEAVY and KLEINFELD, Circuit Judges.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc August 21, 1997.
Opinions Regarding Denial of Rehearing En Banc August 28, 1997.
O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge:
We must decide whether a provision of the California Constitution prohibiting public race and gender preferences violates the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.
I
A
On November 5, 1996, the people of the State of California adopted the...
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