Opinion by Judge SKOPIL; Concurrence by Judge FLETCHER.
SKOPIL, Circuit Judge:
We examine in this appeal the propriety of the district court's entry of a permanent injunction preventing the California Highway Patrol ("CHP") from authorizing its officers to apply the carotid hold, a type of chokehold used to subdue resisting suspects, unless application of the chokehold is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily harm to an officer or third party.
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