JOSE A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:
The petitioners are members of the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians, a federally recognized Indian tribe. They claim that on January 24, 1992, certain tribal officials summarily convicted them of "treason" and sentenced them to permanent "banishment" from the Tonawanda Seneca Indian Reservation ("Tonawanda Reservation"). The orders of "banishment" read in part as follows: "You are to leave now and never return.... [Y]our name is removed...
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