CANBY, Circuit Judge:
These cases arise from the efforts of bondholders to enforce "gold clauses" in railroad bonds issued almost a century ago. A gold clause requires payment of the bond's obligations in gold dollars valued at the time the obligation was undertaken. In 1933, Congress rendered such gold clauses unenforceable, 48 Stat. 112, 113 (1933), but then permitted them again in 1977, 91 Stat. 1227, 1229 (1977). The issues presented here are whether the 1977...
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