ADAMS v. STAR ENTERPRISE

No. 94-1692.

51 F.3d 417 (1995)

Nolan J. ADAMS; John G. Aiken, 4th; Adele C. Aiken; Craig Alderman, Jr.; Ronnie Alderman; Michael J. Alexander; Margaret Alexander; Peter W. Almquist; Karen G. Almquist; Joseph J. Angelo; Donald S. Arnstein; Elaine P. Arnstein; Robert A. Aserkoff; Francine R. Aserkoff; Richard Albert Atwell; Mary E. Delaney; Alexander J. Balent; Audrey Louise Balent; Michael J. Balgley; Peggy Balgley; George A. Barten; Ortha E. Barten; Rose Marie Baumgarten; James A. Bever; Barbara Bever; Frances H. Bicking; George M. Bicking; Irene F. Bilger; Howard R. Bloch; Doris Bloch; Peter Bockman; Barbara S. Bockman; Stephen W. Bolding; Sherry M. Bolding; Sally Boucher; Philippe E. Boucher; Terry D. Bradley; Jacqueline J. Bradley; John P. Brady; Patricia S. Brady; William J. Brandel, Jr.; Dorothy M. Brandel; James W. Breglio; Clare F. Breglio; William R. Brenner; Joann Brenner; Patricia A. Brock; Richard S. Bromberg; Francine W. Bromberg; Francis Gregory Brooks; Carla O. Brooks; Sanford Brotman; Ellen Brotman; Richard L. Browett; Bobby L. Brown; Ora J. Brown; Douglas A. Brown; Anne R. Brown; Lloyd K. Brown; Sherry L. Brown; Otis F. Bryan, Jr.; William C. Bryson; Phyllis W. Bryson; Howard L. Bubel; Renate Bubel; John M. Buckley, Jr.; Joan L. Buckley; Donald Richard Cake; Hollie Cake; James W. Caldwell; Loretta M. Caldwell; William Campbell, Jr.; Jane W. Campbell; Richard S. Cantwell; Agnes S. Cantwell; Charles W. Cardiff; Dee A. Cardiff; Justin Eugene Carlock; Thelma H. Carlock; Walter Carlson, Jr.; Sigrid K. Carlson; Jay B. Carter; Mary L. Carter; Robert James Chalfont; Judy K. Chalfont; N. Bruce Chase; Anne S. Chase; Geraldine E. Christensen; James G. Cochran; Caroline B. Cochran; Jean R. Cockrell; Robert L. Cockrell; Robert Colby; Kimberlee W. Colby; Rosine A. Colford; David H. Cook; Loy A. Cook; Anne E. Cowan; Ann L. Cricchi; Vic Cricchi; Robert J. Cristina; Mary L. Cristina; Steven W. Crutchfield; Margaret S. Crutchfield; Kenneth George Davis, Jr.; Martha R. Davis; Timothy T. De Gavre; Donald R. DeGrange; Barbara J. DeGrange; Stephen A. Dehanas; Sinikka H. Dehanas; John P. Deleonardis; Grace M. Deleonardis; Christopher J. Deering; Pricilla Deering; J.P. Dempsey; Mary Ellen Dempsey; Jatin D. Desai; Andrew Diantonio; Mary B. Diantonio; Roger A. Diedrich; Mary E. Diedrich; Wayne N. Dixon; Veronica A. Dixon; Virginia Q. Donelson; Margaret McElroy Dorsey; David Downes; L. Willa Downes; Rudolph Harold Ehrenberg; Sandra K. Ehrenberg; William E. Elder; Patricia A. Elder; Ernest Ellis; Gerry Ellis; Paul E. Ellison; Patricia D. Ellison; Mark H. Emery; Janice J. Emery; Paul M. Eskildsen; Alison W. Eskildsen; Margaret H. Essertier; Nelson Estrada; Olivia C. Estrada; Laurence E. Fann; Victor Armando Farfan; W. Diane Farfan; Douglas C. Faull; Cheryl A. Faull; Robert A. Feitel; Robert H. Ferguson; Eleanor J. Ferguson; George R. Fister; Judith C. Fister; Peter K. Fitzwilliam; Sondra K. Fitzwilliam; Suzanne M. Fogleman; Rafael F. Font; Maria T. Font; James S. Forcino; Joan B. Forcino; Gary J. Fortunato; Faye D. Fortunato; Thomas R. Freeman; Ferris French; Doris G. French; Salvatore F. Gallo; Joanne B. Gallo; James R. Gear; Kathleen P. Gear; Keith B. Geiger; Janet K. Geiger; James C. Gibbs; D.M. Gidders; Evangelia A. Gidders; Robert James Gillanders; Emilie A. Gillanders; Dava R. Giuli; John M. Giuli; Lew Goldberg; Laura Goldberg; Arthur M. Golden; Charlotte Golden; Robert M. Goldsmith; Nancy D. Goldsmith; Allen D. Goodman; Lorelei L. Goodman; Betty J. Greene; Charles H. Griffiths; Barbara B. Griffiths; Remer W. Griner; Shirley A. Griner; Harold J. Gross; Andrea J. Gross; Edwin B. Gross; Mary Ellen Gross; Joseph Francis Gustaferro; Frances Christine Gustaferro; Robert W. Hall; James L. Hamernick; Margaret A. Banke; Gregory L. Hansen; Linda J. Hansen; Elizabeth M. Harris; Robert A. Harrison; Joyce E. Harrison; Richard L. Hart; Jayne L. Hart; John P. Hartigan; Betty Hartigan; Douglas J. Harwood; Joycene Cole Harwood; Richard L. Hatheway; Kay E. Hathaway; William J. Haugh; Edward M. Haugh; Mary Ellen Haugh; Mark S. Havard; Lisa A. Havard; Samuel James Heath; James B. Hendershot; Patricia W. Hendershot; Beverly Jean Henschel; Shujaat A. Khan; David L. Herrington; Beverly B. Herrington; John C. Hile; Therese F. Hile; Katsuko K. Hodge; Peter H. Hodge; Paul W. Hoffmaster; William D. Hogan; Herbert A. Hope, Jr.; William G. Howard; Hallie B. Howard; Arthur D. Hurtado; Diane Hurtado; Thomas J. Ingram, III; Donald E. Inscoe; Susan M. Inscoe; Martin M. Ischinger; Carol N. Ischinger; Joseph A. Iwanski; Barbara A. Iwanski; Willis E. Jacobsen; Jadwiga Janucik; Dennis C. Meyer; Henry D. Jawish; Harry W. Johnson; Janice E. Johnson; Walter H. Johnson; Margaret W. Johnson; Lucy M. Joshua; Paul M. Kaufman; Masako Kaufman; Karl T. Keller; Javed A. Khokhar; William F. Kirten; Nancy J. Kirten; George Frederick Knight; Patricia F. Knight; Dean P. Kohlhaas; Jeanne A. Kohlhaas; John L. Krug; William B. Kuykendall, Jr.; Edward R. Lang; Martha C. Lang; Mark M. Langerman; Erika H. Langerman; Helene Z. Layman; Harrison Lee; Maryrose Jane Lehman; Stanley S. Leroy; Caroline F. Leroy; Robert E. Levin; Karen J. Levin; Franklin D. Lewark; Wanda C. Lewark; Rene F. Llaneras; Patricia C. Long; Robert R. Lovelace; Barbara B. Lovelace; Michael Anthony Lynch; Maureen R. Lynch; Vance A. Mall; Mary H. Mall; William R. Maloney; Benedict P. Mandich; Carmen J. Mandich; Gary D. Mann; Robbie E. Mann; Arthur Roy Marshall, Jr.; Susan H. Marshall; William R. Martin; Mary A. Martin; Thomas B. Mattson; Maria A. Mattson; Abdullah Mawyah; Kenneth S. McAtee; Harry W. McClellan; Jane B. McClellan; James M. McComsey; Gordon H. McCormick; David W. McCoy; Suzanne McCoy; Ruby M. McGlothin; Alexander J. McKillop; Doreen McKillop; Mark McNair; Elizabeth S. McNair; Archie McPherson; Merle G. McPherson; John Lippincott Meagher; John N. Meloy; Irene E. Meloy; George A. Mickalitis; Caroline Mickalitis; Joe H. Miller, Jr.; Grace Miller; John B. Montgomery; Edgar J. Mullins; Ellie Mullins; Eudine C. Myers; Thomas J. Myers; Patricia Myers; Steve C. Nagy; Kathryn J. Nagy; Nancy H. Newberry; Robert Newberry; Fred J. Newton; Florence J. Newton; Robert Charges Newton; Leilani L. Newton; Peter P. Noe; Susan N. Noe; Carl W. Northrop; Michaelanne P. Northrop; David R. Notes; John M. Oseth; Marilyn Oseth; Jacob J. Para; Dolores A. Para; James Hodges Parker; Louise L. Parker; James v. Parker; Hal C. Pattison; Cleda W. Pattison; David Paxton; Kathleen Paxton; Howard Andrew Peterson; Albert J. Plummer; Mary Jane Plummer; Michael A. Plunkett; Clifford H. Pruefer; Mary Carolyn Pruefer; Richard L. Purcell; Robin S. Purcell; Earle W. Putnam; Margaret R. Putnam; Michael J. Quattrone; Kathy Quattrone; Rose M. Rabin; William O. Rakow; Linda A. Rakow; John B. Rampton; Jo Ann Rampton; Stephen C. Randolph; Barbara S. Randolph; David Alan Rawson; Patricia Rawson; Charles W. Reamer; Mary S. Reamer; Keith W. Reiss; Karen N. Reiss; Randall R. Renken; Catherine B. Renken; Godfrey A. Rettig; Paula R. Rettig; Marilyn E. Rice; Michael E. Richardson; Jeannie N. Richardson; John H. Riskind; Laura Riskind; William L. Rohde; Nancy E. Rohde; Robert J. Rohrback; Sharon L. Rohrback; Steven F. Romig; Monica T. Romig; Ralph Edwin Ropp; Frances H. Ropp; Jean Rosenfeld; Jeffrey Rosenfeld; Thomas G. Roulette; Airi P. Roulette; R.F. Rozycki; Thomas Rozzell; Maryanne Rozzell; Richard E. Runyon; John L. Ryan; Oscar Ferdinand Rydell; Richard T. Santelia; Carol P. Santelia; William P. Sargent; Jane A. Sargent; Henry E. Schlenker; Gayle W. Schlenker; Jerry E. Schultz; Sharon M. Shultz; John A. Scopino; Mary E. Scopino; Cynthia Seeley; Stephen M. Sergek; Mary K. Sergek; Maida Ludvik Sheris; Virginia S. Shreve; Laura Lee Simpier; John E. Simpson, II; Barbara W. Simpson; David Sims; Lily A. Sims; H. John Smith; Ronald E. Sorna; Grace S. Spitz; Doris M. Spinivasan; John J. St. John; Theodore C. Starr; Pamela G. Starr; Henry J. Staudinger; Karen V. Staudinger; George E. Stebbing; Mary R. Stebbing; Alice B. Steinbeck; James P. Stratoudakis; Gene Suidikas; Barbara K. Suidikas; Edward L. Sullivan; Anne N.N. Sullivan; Michael S. Swift; Bernace M. Symm; Ireene Symm; James A. Taylor; Vernett M. Taylor; Kathryn E. Thiel; Brenda Thomas; Charles A. Thomas; Alan R. Thompson; Nancy J. Thompson; Allen R. Thuring; Evelyn C. Titus; Audrey Topping; Mickey L. Topping; John A. Torre; Marie F. Torre; Vinh P. Tran; Peter D. Trapp; Debbie J. Trapp; Paul E. Troutman; Patricia R. Troutman; James K. Tyson, Jr.; Sandra C. Tyson; Stanley M. Urynowicz, Jr.; Janet T. Urynowicz; Mario Verga; Marianne E. Verga; Maureen E. Walsh; Edward A. Waters; Ralph William Weinstein; Debby Weinstein; Donna J. Wendling; Wells B. White; Clara L. White; William S. Whitehead; Linda S. Whitehead; Barry R. Wickersham; Martha F. Wiegers; Lester A. Wiegers; Arthur G. Williams; Louise C. Williams; Tyler E. Williams, Jr.; Carmen M. Williams; Thomas A. Witecki; Jerilyn S. Woelfel; John C. Woelfel; Terje Wolden; Kari Wolden; Judith A. Wonus; Jack Richard Woodside; Carol Woodside; Alvaro A. Yamhure; Sandra M. Yamhure; Nora S. Zadd; Charles J. Zadd; Joseph J. Zapolski; Celene J. Zapolski; Ann J. Zeaman; Burton C. Zwibel, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. STAR ENTERPRISE; Texaco, Inc.; Texaco Refining and Marketing (East), Incorporated; Saudi Refining, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided April 6, 1995.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: David Machanic, Reed, Smith, Shaw & McClay, McLean, VA, for appellants. Richard Edward Wallace, Jr., Howrey & Simon, Washington, DC, for appellees. ON BRIEF: Christopher L. Killion, Eric A. Welter, Reed, Smith, Shaw & McClay, McLean, VA, for appellants. Anthony F. King, Nancy C. Libin, Howrey & Simon, Washington, DC, John A.C. Keith, Blankingship & Keith, Fairfax, VA, for appellees.

Before WILKINSON, Circuit Judge, PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge, and LAY, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.


Affirmed by published opinion. Senior Judge LAY wrote the opinion, in which Judge WILKINSON and Senior Judge PHILLIPS joined.

OPINION

DONALD P. LAY, Senior Circuit Judge:

BACKGROUND

Star Enterprise1 operates an oil distribution facility in Fairfax, Virginia. The Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") determined in April 1992 that a "major discharge" of oil had occurred at this facility. The discharge...

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