KNIGHT v. STATE OF ALA.

No. 92-6160.

14 F.3d 1534 (1994)

John F. KNIGHT, Alma S. Freeman, John T. Gibson, Susan Buskey, Carl Petty, Dennis Charles Barnett by his father Arthur D. Barnett, Vonda Cross, Tammi Palmer, Alease S. Sims, Stacey Levise Sims by her parents Levi Sims and Alease S. Sims, Gary Mitchell, Jr., Grover L. Brown, Frederick Carodine, Frankie Patricia Yarbrough, Dr. Charles Edwards McMillan, Horace W. Rice, Anthony Y. Lavonne Thompson, by his mother, Lois N. Thompson, Kreslyon Lynette Valrie by her mother Georgia S. Valrie, Dr. Taylor Byrd, and Dan Tibbs, Jr., individually and on behalf of others similarly situated, Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs-Intervenors-Appellants-Cross-Appellees, v. The STATE OF ALABAMA; Jim Folsom, Governor of the State of Alabama; Defendants-Appellees, The Alabama State Board of Education; John M. Tyson, Jr., Steadman S. Shealy, Jr., Isabelle B. Thomasson, Ethel H. Hall, Willie J. Paul, Spencer Baccus, Victor P. Poole, and Evelyn Pratt, as members of the Alabama State Board of Education, Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants, Wayne Teague, State Superintendent of Education; the Alabama Commission on Higher Education; Jane McDonald, Clyde Foster, Katie Espy, Dr. James D. Grady, III, Charles F. Horton, Ken Lott, Steve Means, Borden Morrow, Frank A. Nix, Richard A. Pizitz, Sr., Philip A. Sellers, and Bob Word, as members of the Alabama Commission on Higher Education; The Alabama Public School and College Authority; G. Robin Swift, as State Finance Director and member of the Alabama Public School and College Authority, Defendants-Appellees, The Board of Trustees for Alabama A & M University; Franklin Perry, Eddie Player, Wayman Sherrer, George Miller, Chris McNair, W. Troy Massey, Robert Hughes, Thomas Fuller, Wayne Dean, Walter Carter, Dinsimore Robinson, and Dr. Oscar Tucker, as members of the Board of Trustees for Alabama A & M University, Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees, The Board of Trustees for Alabama State University; Richard Arrington, Jr., Larue W. Harding, Andrew M. Hayden, Lillian Ann Hope, Larry H. Keener, Patsy B. Parker, Joe L. Reed, James A. Smith, and Mrs. Frankye Underwood, as members of the Board of Trustees of Alabama State University, Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants, Ross Dunn, Tommy Gallion, Michael Onderdonk, as members of the Board of Trustees of Alabama State University; Auburn University; R.C. Bamberg, Dr. Emory Cunningham, John V. Denson, Dr. Bessie Mae Holloway, Robert E. Lowder, Michael B. McCartney, William F. Nichols, F. James Samford, Jr., Morris W. Savage, and James T. Tatum, Jr., as members of the Board of Trustees of Auburn University; Troy State University; Harold R. Collins, R. Douglas Hawkins, Robert E. Kelly, Jack W. Wallace, John A. Teague, C.J. Hartley, Wallace D. Maline, Jr., Robert T. Wilson, Charles B. Martin, and Russ Campbell, as members of the Board of Trustees for Troy State University; The University of Alabama; Winton Blount, Aaron Aronov, Massey Bedsole, Frank Bromberg, Jr., O.H. Delchamps, Jr., Garry Neil Drummond, Sandral Hullett, William Henry Mitchell, John T. Oliver, Jr., Thomas E. Rast, Yetta G. Samford, Jr., George S. Shirley, Martha H. Simms, Cleophus Thomas, Jr., Cordell Wynn, John B. Hicks, and Dr. Thomas A. Bartlett, as members of the Board of Trustees for the University of Alabama, Defendants-Appellees. The UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. The STATE OF ALABAMA; Jim Folsom, Governor of the State of Alabama; the Alabama State Board of Education; Wayne Teague, State Superintendent of Education; Alabama A & M University; a public corporation, Defendants-Appellees, Alabama State University; a public corporation; Athens State College, an educational institution; Calhoun State Community College, an educational institution, Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants, Auburn University, a public corporation; Jacksonville State University, a public corporation; Livingston University, a public corporation; Troy State University, a public corporation; the University of Montevallo, a public corporation; the University of Alabama, a public corporation; the University of North Alabama, a public corporation; the University of South Alabama, a public corporation; the Alabama Commission on Higher Education; and the Alabama Public School and College Authority, Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

February 24, 1994.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

James U. Blacksher, Demetrius Newton, Birmingham, AL, for Knight, et al.

John C. Falkenberry, Birmingham, AL, for Bd. of Trustees for AL, et al.

Edward W. Allen, Balch & Bingham, Birmingham, AL, T.W. Thagard, Jr., David R. Boyd, Balch & Bingham, Montgomery, AL, for Auburn University.

Walter J. Merrill, Anniston, AL, for Jacksonville State University.

William F. Murray, Jr., Burr & Forman, Birmingham, AL, Bd. of Trustees of Troy State University.

J. Fredric Ingram, Burr & Forman, Birmingham, AL, for Livingston University.

Daniel R. Farnell, Jr., Jeffery A. Foshee, Foshee & Associates, Montgomery, AL, for AL State Bd. of Educ., Its Members, Gainous, Athens State College, and Calhoun State Community College.

C. Glenn Powell, Norma M. Lemley, Stanley J. Murphy, Office of Counsel, Tuscaloosa, AL, for Bd. of Trustees of University of AL.

Maxey J. Roberts, Mobile, AL, for University of South AL.

Jack W. Selden, Caryl P. Privett, Asst. U.S. Atty., Birmingham, AL, Mark L. Gross, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, for U.S.

Carl E. Johnson, Jr., Bishop, Calvin, Johnson & Kent, Birmingham, AL, for University of Montevallo.

John E. Grenier, Robert D. Hunter, Rebecca S. Dunnie, Lange, Simpson, Robinson & Somerville, Birmingham, AL, for State of AL, Jim Folsom, AL Com'n on Higher Educ. & Its Members, AL Public School & College Authority, and James H. Rowell.

Ernest N. Blasingame, Jr., Florence, AL, for University of North AL.

Joe R. Whatley, Jr., Cooper, Mitch, Crawford, Kuykendall, & Whatley, Birmingham, AL, for Bd. of Trustees of AL A & M University.

Solomon S. Seay, Jr., Montgomery, AL, for Bd. of Trustees for AL State University and Individual Members.

Fred D. Gray, Gray, Langford, Sapp, McGowan & Gray, Tuskegee, AL, Armand Derfner, Charleston, SC, for AL State University.

Before ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and NANGLE, Senior District Judge.


ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

This lawsuit challenges the structure of and allocation of resources under Alabama's system of public higher education, charging that the State of Alabama and the other defendant institutions have not fulfilled their obligation to remedy vestiges of past de jure segregation that remain in the current system. In December 1991, following a bench trial, the district court found liability and ordered the state defendants to take various...

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