Julius GRAY; Leroy William Rodewald, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
United States of America, Intervenor,
v.
FIRST WINTHROP CORPORATION; Winthrop Financial Co. Inc.; General Electric Company; Peat Marwick Main & Company, Defendants-Appellees.
Julius GRAY; Leroy William Rodewald, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
United States of America, Intervenor,
v.
FIRST WINTHROP CORPORATION, INC. et al.; Winthrop Financial Co. Inc.; Peat Marwick Main & Company, Defendants-Appellees.
Stephen COPE; France Bolei; Paul Costa; Donald Fuller, on behalf of themselves and the class they represent, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
United States of America, Intervenor,
v.
PRICE WATERHOUSE; Kenneth Leventhal & Company; Stephen Roulac, Defendants-Appellees.
Jerry SIMON, Donna Simon; Herman Amaral; Rose Amaral; Roy Banogli; Robert Kittle; Linda Kittle, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
United States of America, Intervenors,
v.
Neil A. ORSI; Gene Koon; E. Leo Bullock; Provident Mutual Life Securities Co., Defendants-Appellees.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Argued and Submitted March 10, 1993.
Decided April 7, 1993.
Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
James M. Finberg, Lieff, Cabraser & Heimann, San Francisco, CA, for plaintiffs-appellants in Nos. 91-16907 and 92-15986.
Robert S. Molloy, Cooley, Manion, Moore & Jones, Boston, MA, David C. Phillips, Goldstein & Phillips, San Francisco, CA, for defendants-appellees Winthrops in Nos. 91-16907 and 92-15986.
Boake Christensen, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, San Francisco, CA, and Theodore B. Olson, Gibson Dunn & Crutcher, Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee KMPG Peat Marwick in Nos. 91-16907 and 92-15986.
Douglas Letter, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC for intervenor U.S. and amicus S.E.C. in Nos. 91-16907 and 92-15986.
Craig C. Corbitt, Furth, Fahrner & Mason, San Francisco, CA, for plaintiffs-appellants in No. 92-15901.
Lawrence W. Keeshan and Scott Fink, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, San Francisco, CA, for defendant-appellee Price Waterhouse in No. 92-15901.
Edwin C. Shiver, Zankel & McGrane, San Francisco, CA, for defendants-appellees Stephen E. Roulac & Stephen Roulac & Co. in No. 92-15901.
William S. Freeman, Cooley Godward Castro Huddleson & Tatum, Palo Alto, CA, for defendant-appellee Kenneth Leventhal & Co. in No. 92-15901.
Douglas Letter, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC for intervenor U.S. and amicus S.E.C. in No. 92-15901.
David H. Schwartz, Hill, Schwartz, Stenson, San Francisco, CA, for plaintiffs-appellants in No. 92-16193.
Stephen Stublarec, Pillsbury Madison & Sutro, San Francisco, CA, for defendant-appellee PML in No. 92-16193.
Douglas Letter, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC for intervenor U.S. and amicus S.E.C. in No. 92-16193.
Before GOODWIN, FERNANDEZ, and T.G. NELSON, Circuit Judges.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
GOODWIN, Circuit Judge:
Gray, Cope and Simon present one common issue: the constitutionality of section 27A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("1934 Act"). Appellees argue that section 27A is unconstitutional in several respects: (1) it violates the separation of powers doctrine, as interpreted in United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 128, 20 L.Ed. 519 (1872), by directing a rule of decision in pending cases without changing the underlying...
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