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  5. 996 F.2d 1353 (1993)
 

ROBY v. CORPORATION OF LLOYD'S

No. 870, Docket 92-9032.

996 F.2d 1353 (1993)

John S. ROBY; Susan B. Bolin; Amanda A. Bryan; Anne L. Bryan; Florence E. Bryan; John M. Bryan; Suzanne E. Bryan; Robert S. Clarke; Patrick J. Collins; Daniel F. Coughlin; Robert L. Cox; John D. Diver; Albert W. Dugan; Lee R. Ellenburg; Jules I. Epstein; Tillman R. Fesperman; Martha H. Fogelman; Robert F. Fogelman; Robert S. Forman; Leonard Friedman; Marvin Goodson; Andrew Grossman; Kathryn B. Hampton; Alton B. Harris; Michael C. Hartley; Carol M. Hathaway; Jerome E. Hickey; Alan J. Hunken; Dale A. Jenkins; Robert B. King; Richard J. Kissel; Raymond C. Lee; Janis L. MacMillam; J. Steven Marks; Mary L. Marks; James L. McCormick; Norman N. Mintz; Charles E. Morris; Alvin B. Moss; William B. Murray; Margaret W. Nichol; Rosemary H. Pasek; Joseph N. Pattison; Charles F. Robinson; John N. Robinson; Joe R. Roby; Herbert A. Rubin; Jacob A. Rubin; Robert W. Ruder; Constantine Salonitis; Arthur Schechner; Charles Schnaid; Louis B. Schoen; K. Dino Sirakides; Joel M. Spiro; Gilchrist B. Stockton, Jr.; William N. Stout; Kenneth M. Taylor; Marvel Wilson, Jr.; Henri L. Wedell; Charles I. Wellborn; William T. Zanoni; Roger Anderson; Charles G. Bentzin; Peter A. Benz; Thorton Cooke; Donald D. Decenso; Marco DiLaurenti; Lydia P. Dugan; Robert E. Eakin; Karole E. Glaser; Oliver R. Grace, Sr.; Jack D. Gray; A. Cary Harrison, III; Sidney Kahn; Audrey W. Katz; Robert P. Keith; Alan W. Kral; James E. Krause; Nancy Kurz; Paul W. McMullan; Henry A. Mitchell, Jr.; Katherine S. Nordhaus; Charles W. Olson; James J. O'Sullivan, Jr.; Libby B. Pohoryles; Anthony B. Soskin; Herman G. Sturman; Alyson Warner; Earl D. Whittemore; Herbert N. Zack; John H. Abeles; Albert B. Crutcher, Jr.; James S. Deely; Stephen E. Delaszlo; David Dolgenos; Linda Tufts Hebbler; Roger W. House; Charles A. Janda; Jeanne Long; Charles A. Malkemus; Andrew H. Marks; Allison Mercer; Martha Long Navarro; Gregory J. Salko; Robert G. Sims; Frederick E. Smithline; James D. Tufts, II; James D. Tufts, III; Shirley R. Zaid; Wilson M. Zildjian, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CORPORATION OF LLOYD'S, also known as Society & Council of Lloyd's, doing business as Lloyd's of London; Council of Lloyd's; Committee of Lloyd's; Simon Arnold; Michael Cockell; David Coleridge; Peter Daniels; Henry Dobinson; John Greig; Richard Hazell; Anthony Hines; Gordon Hutton; Alan Jackson; Bryan Kellett; Murray Lawrence; Alan Lord; Stephen Merrett; Peter Miller; Colin Murray; Alan Parry; David Rowland; Michael Wade; Bankside Members Agency Ltd.; D.E. Biggs; BPC Members Agency Ltd.; C.L. Jackson; Fenchurch Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; C.A.G. Keeling; Gardner Mountain & Capel Cure Agencies Ltd.; J.G. Hogg; Gooda & Partners Ltd.; A.W. Gooda; Jardine Ltd.; D.R. Walker; J.H. Davies Underwriting Agency Ltd.; J.H. Davies; London Wall Members Agency Ltd.; Nelson Hurst & Marsh Agencies Ltd.; B.P. Marsh; Octavian Underwriting Ltd.; J.R.T. Church; PW Kininmonth Ltd.; R.W. Sturge Ltd.; C.E. Parnell; Secretan Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; A.D. Pilcher; Sedgewick Lloyd's Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; J.M. Gordon; Thos R. Miller & Son Underwriting Agents Ltd.; Peter Miller; Willis, Faber & Duman, Agencies Ltd.; J.N.W. Wooderson; Anton Managing Agency Ltd.; S.R. Merrett; AJ Archer & Co. Ltd.; A.J. Archer; Bankside Syndicates Ltd.; E.E. Patrick; Barder & Marsh; J.H. Barder; BCP Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; C.L. Jackson; Cater Allen Underwriting Agency Ltd.; B.F. Caudle Agencies Ltd.; B.F. Caudle; Charnam Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; J.R. Charnam; H.G. Chester & Co. Ltd.; R.J. Martin; Christopherson Heath Ltd.; R.E. Heath; Claremount Underwriting Agency Ltd.; J.W. Oakes; Cox, Newman & Harman Ltd.; D.E. Harman; Cuthbert, Heath Underwriting Ltd.; J.W. Pryke; JH Davies Underwriting Agency Ltd.; J.H. Davies; Devonshire Underwriting Agency Ltd.; P.W.G. Suttle; NT Evennett & Partners Ltd.; N.T. Evennett; Feltrim UA Ltd.; P.F. Fagan; Gooda Walker Ltd.; A.W. Gooda; Gresham UA Ltd.; T.G. Green; Johnson Greene Ltd., Marine/Aviation Syndicates Div.; G.R.P.N. Valentine; J.R.L. Youell; Hexad Partnership; Marquees of Downshire; G.W. Hutton & Co. Ltd.; G.W. Hutton; BPD Kellett & Co. Ltd.; BPD Kellett; London Wall Managing Agencies; R.H. Warrender; London River Underwriting Management Ltd.; J.M. Poland; Merrett Syndicates Ltd.; J.R. Robson; Murray Lawrence & Partners Ltd.; W.N.M. Lawrence; D.M. Holman; Octavian Syndicate Management Ltd.; D.E. Coleridge; R.M. Pateman; R.M. Pateman Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; Peter Pepper Ltd.; P.L. Pepper; John Poland Ltd.; T.M. Bradley; RD Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; J.M. Donner; C.W. Rome Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; C.W. Rome; Rose, Thompson, Young Ltd.; L.R. Sawyer Ltd.; FLP Secretan & Co. Ltd.; A.D. Pilcher; Street Ltd.; C.K. Murray; Sturge Marine Syndicate Management Ltd.; B.E. Beagley; Wellington Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; J.O. Prentice; Wendover Underwriting Agency Ltd.; A.D. Shead; Alexander Howden & Beck Ltd.; P.M. Graham; D.T. Carey; Cater Allen Members Agency; D.J. White; Chiltren Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; N.A. Lewis; Harrison Brothers (U/A) Ltd.; D.B.K. Harrison; Jardine (Lloyd's Underwriting Agents) 1990 Ltd.; Kingsley Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; R.C. Kingsley; R.C. Hallam; Lime Street Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; RAF MacMillan & Co.; M.A. Brecknell; RAF MacMillan; Mocatta Dashwood Members Agents Ltd.; F. Dashwood; Murray Lawrence Members Agency; W.N.M. Lawrence; P.W. Kininmonth; Rose Thomson Young (Underwriting) Ltd.; D.H.H. Meacock; Scott Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; G.W. Scott; Vanguard Underwriting Agencies, Ltd.; T.J. Pepper; KC Webb (Underwriting) Ltd.; J.G. Hogg; Aragorn Agencies Ltd.; A.J.W.F. Wallace; Austin Caudle (U/A) Ltd.; B.F. Caudle; Guest Barnes (Underwriting Agencies) Ltd.; Birrell Smith Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; Cater Allen Syndicate Management Ltd.; Edward & Payne (Underwriting Agencies) Ltd.; C.H.A. Skey; Janson Green Ltd.; Wetherell Non-Marine Division; G.R.P.N. Valentine; J.M.W.P. Wetherell; B.P.D. Kellett; RJ Kiln & Co. Ltd.; KPH Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; D.G. King; Mark Loveday Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; Merrett Underwriting Agency Management Ltd.; Newgreen Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; J.R.T. Church; Oxford Syndicate Management Ltd.; Roberts & Hiscox Ltd.; R.R.S. Hiscox; RD Robertson Underwriting Agency Ltd.; L.R. Sawyer; Three Quays Underwriting Management Ltd.; Robert Keville; Philip Wroughton; J.B. Marshall; Cuthbert Heath Members Agency Ltd.; D. Hazelwood; Donner Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; J.G. Curtis; Kiln Members Agency Ltd.; D.L. Dann; W.S. Strathalmond; Scott Caudle Hilsum Ltd.; J.D. Scott; Cassidy Davis Underwriting Ltd.; D.A. Pease; Cutler Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; D.E. Dowlen; Gravett & Tilling (Underwriting Agencies) Ltd.; M.A. Gravett; Holmes Hayday (Underwriting Agencies) Ltd.; T.J. Hayday; Knightstone (Managing Agency) Ltd.; G. Cooper; Mander Thomas & Cooper (Underwriting Agents) Ltd.; C.J. Mander; MFK Underwriting Agency Ltd.; M.C. Watkins; MIS Underwriting Agency Ltd.; RHM Outhwaite (Underwriting Agencies) Ltd.; Lord Havers; Stewart & Hughman Ltd.; D.C. Craig; Venton Underwriting Agencies Ltd.; R.N. Alwen; Wren Syndicate Management Ltd.; N.C. Haydon; Syndicates-2, 10, 15, 17, 28, 31, 33, 37, 40, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 62, 65, 79, 80, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 122, 123, 138, 144, 153, 156, 162, 164, 179, 182, 183, 185, 190, 197, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 216, 218, 219, 225, 227, 228, 229, 234, 235, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 264, 270, 271, 272, 282, 288, 290, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 304, 305, 309, 310, 314, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 329, 330, 331, 332, 340, 342, 349, 350, 362, 363, 366, 370, 375, 376, 397, 382, 384, 386, 387, 388, 396, 397, 401, 404, 406, 417, 418, 421, 428, 435, 437, 439, 445, 448, 454, 456, 457, 463, 469, 471, 483, 484, 488, 490, 498, 500, 503, 505, 506, 508, 509, 510, 512, 527, 529, 530, 535, 536, 540, 542, 544, 545, 546, 552, 554, 557, 560, 561, 566, 570, 573, 575, 577, 582, 584, 588, 601, 602, 603, 604, 609, 613, 623, 625, 633, 635, 636, 648, 657, 658, 660, 661, 662, 674, 685, 694, 697, 702, 711, 718, 724, 726, 727, 732, 733, 735, 740, 741, 744, 745, 760, 764, 780, 782, 785, 787, 794, 799, 800, 803, 807, 808, 816, 820, 824, 831, 833, 836, 839, 843, 847, 850, 851, 860, 861, 866, 868, 872, 877, 887, 892, 896, 901, 904, 907, 913, 919, 920, 923, 925, 926, 929, 932, 939, 942, 947, 950, 955, 957, 958, 959, 960, 963, 965, 979, 980, 982, 989, 994, 998, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1009, 1011, 1014, 1019, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1027, 1028, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1038, 1041, 1046, 1048, 1049, 1052, 1058, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1079, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1101, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1112, 1114, 1117, 1118, 1122, 1125, 1129, 1137, 1139, 1141, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1148, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1156, 1158, 1162, 1163, 1171, 1173, 1176, 1179, 1181, 1182, 1184, at Lloyd's of London, Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Decided June 2, 1993.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Dale A. Schreiber, New York City (Minna Schrag, Steven B. Feigenbaum, Adrienne B. Koch, Proskauer Rose Goetz & Mendelsohn, New York City, of counsel), for appellants.

Taylor R. Briggs, New York City (Sheila H. Marshall, LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & MacRae, New York City, of counsel), for appellees The Society, Corp., Committee and Council of Lloyd's and their individual Internal Members.

Jonathan C. Thau, New York City (Thomas W. Wilson, Nicholas J. Conca, Fred N. Knopf, Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker, New York City, of counsel), for appellees The Members' Agents.

William A. Meehan, New York City (Daniel M. Bianca, Leo W. Fraser, III, Jeff Imeri, Karen Wallace, Mendes & Mount, New York City, of counsel), for appellees The "Managing Agent Defendants".

Charles A. Gilman, New York City (Robert A. Alessi, Marcy A. Siskind, Cahill Gordon & Reindel, New York City, of counsel), for appellees The So-Called "Syndicate Defendants".

Before: MESKILL, Chief Judge, FEINBERG and WINTER, Circuit Judges.

MESKILL, Chief Judge:

Appellants, all American citizens or residents, are more than one hundred "Names" in the Corporation of Lloyd's (Lloyd's). Loosely speaking, Names are investors in Lloyd's syndicates, the entities that nominally underwrite insurance risk. For convenience we will refer to the syndicates as entities; although this is a disputed issue on appeal, we affirm on a different basis and therefore need not resolve this issue. Appellant Names (Roby Names...

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