HATCHETT, Circuit Judge:
We affirm the district court's ruling that 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7, a mandatory exclusionary provision, is not punitive in nature thereby violating the Double Jeopardy and Ex Post Facto Clauses of the United States Constitution.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Val Manocchio, a medical doctor, is licensed to practice medicine in the state of Florida. For approximately...
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