FELDMAN, District Judge:
The facts of this case tell still another bank-failure story. In resolving the issues by way of summary judgment, the district court was firm in applying the choke hold of D'Oench, Duhme. We now review the district court's grant of summary judgment. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.
I.
Appellants Kolo Refrigeration, Inc. ("Kolo") and Texas Refrigeration Supply, Inc. ("TRS") started a credit relationship with RepublicBank Spring Branch, N.A.
By late 1984, Kolo had developed an oil extracting process, and entered into four process contracts. Frank Kologinczak sought out RBSB for financing for the contracts, and appellants insist that bank representatives orally agreed to finance the project on January 4, 1985. They urge that Kolo, relying on the bank's promise, went ahead with production, spent large sums of money, and did not search for other ways to finance the project. Appellants say that RBSB repeatedly reassured Kolo that the loans would be made. They were not. In the early summer of 1985, the bank told Kolo that it would not finance the project because it was no longer making energy-related loans.
Earlier in 1985, Kolo had made two loans unrelated to the process contracts: one for $150,608.31 and another for $150,000. Also, the Kologinczaks had borrowed $84,000 and secured that loan with a Cessna airplane. All of these loans are in default, as is a large TRS loan. Kolo is bankrupt.
TRS was also an active borrower. TRS had established a revolving line of credit with RBSB for $250,000, and secured the loan with its inventory. Either after TRS defaulted on the loan and RBSB accelerated the note's maturity, or after the loan matured according to its terms (this is hotly disputed on appeal), RBSB provoked a foreclosure sale and disposed of TRS's entire inventory for the disappointing sum of $20,000. Frank Kologinczak had notice of the sale.
These involved dealings prompted appellants to sue RBSB in Texas state court for breach of contract, negligence, wrongful acceleration, breach of fiduciary duty, promissory estoppel, misrepresentation, breach of good faith, and deceptive trade practices. RBSB predictably counter-claimed to recover the amounts due on the four loans. Then RBSB found itself in financial trouble, and we confront an even more cluttered terrain.
On December 31, 1987, RBSB was merged into First RepublicBank Houston, N.A. ("FRB Houston"), but a few months later FRB Houston was declared insolvent and closed by the Comptroller of the Currency. The FDIC was appointed receiver under 12 U.S.C. §§ 191 and 1821(c). The FDIC then organized JRB Bank, N.A. ("JRB") as a bridge bank under 12 U.S.C. § 1821(n)(1)(A). JRB changed its name to NCNB Texas National Bank ("NCNB"), and the FDIC entered into a Purchase and Assumption Agreement with NCNB to transfer FRB Houston's assets and certain of its liabilities to NCNB. The FDIC and NCNB, successor to the original bridge bank, removed this case to federal court under 12 U.S.C. § 1819(b)(2).
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the FDIC and NCNB, dismissing all of the appellants' affirmative claims, and similarly granted NCNB's counterclaims for recovery on the notes. The district court said that all the appellants' claims and defenses were based on unrecorded oral agreements between the appellants and RBSB. Thus, said the court, D'Oench, Duhme barred the affirmative claims and appellants' defenses to the notes. We review that holding and sort out whether D'Oench, Duhme was applied too rigorously.
II.
Courts and Congress have built on the Supreme Court's controversial decision in D'Oench, Duhme & Co. v. FDIC, 315 U.S. 447,
At least two articulated policies support this broad, and, at times, arguably harsh rule. D'Oench, Duhme favors the interests of depositors and creditors of federally insured banks (who cannot protect themselves from unwritten accords) over the interests of borrowers, to whom such agreements are presumably accessible. See Kilpatrick, supra, at 1529. Ease of understanding a bank's financial health is an equally important reason. We have recognized that D'Oench, Duhme "ensure[s] that FDIC examiners can accurately assess the condition of a bank based on its books." Bowen, supra, at 1016. Simply put, oversight agencies should not bear too great a burden in getting their information. Because of the doctrine, the government need not research and compile extensive parol evidence, including inherently unreliable oral histories, to determine a bank's unrecorded liabilities. Id.
Congress has played a conspicuous role in reaffirming and broadening the doctrine. In the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 Congress codified the case literature that extended D'Oench, Duhme protection to so-called "bridge banks."
This Court has also been rather generous in treating D'Oench, Duhme, perhaps not without controversy. For example, we have held that the FDIC may use the D'Oench, Duhme shield against a claim or defense based on any unwritten agreement between the insolvent bank and a borrower, even if the agreement is unrelated to a bank asset. See Bowen, supra, 915 F.2d at 1015-16. In Bowen, we reaffirmed the long reach of D'Oench, Duhme. Bowen acknowledged that D'Oench, Duhme limited itself to a borrower who attempted to use a secret agreement with a failed bank as a defense in a suit on the note by the FDIC. Id. at 1015. But we held that the modern D'Oench, Duhme doctrine has been expanded to bar the use of unwritten agreements
With these working principles in mind, we turn to the district court's use of D'Oench, Duhme to grant summary judgment.
III.
The district court's grant of summary judgment reflects a particular attraction to the doctrine. The court found that the appellants relied on several unrecorded oral agreements with RBSB to support each and every claim and defense.
We review a decision to grant summary judgment de novo, and apply the same standards that instruct the district court. See Degan v. Ford Motor Company, 869 F.2d 889, 892 (5 Cir.1989). We will affirm a grant of summary judgment if we find a basis, independent or not of the district court's reasoning, adequate to support the result. Id. We may affirm even in situations in which the district court's ruling was incorrect, as long as the result was proper. Id. See also, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation v. Laquarta, 939 F.2d 1231, 1240 (5 Cir.1991) ("[W]e may affirm a summary judgment on a ground not relied upon by the district court.").
IV.
Appellants argue that D'Oench, Duhme does not trump recovery on their claims against the FDIC and NCNB, or bar their defenses against NCNB's counterclaim for payment of the $250,000 loan. They mount two offensives: that RBSB wrongfully accelerated the debt, and that RBSB did not dispose of the collateral in a commercially reasonable way. Appellants remind us that the Texas UCC prohibits creditors from accelerating loans except for good cause
D'Oench, Duhme does not of itself thwart the assertion of rights for relief from wrongful acceleration and unreasonable sale at foreclosure. See Garrett v. Commonwealth Mortgage Corporation of America, 938 F.2d 591, 595 (5 Cir.1991) ("[N]either section 1823(e) nor the D'Oench, Duhme doctrine prevents plaintiffs from asserting claims or defenses that do not depend on agreements." (emphasis supplied)). We repeat, D'Oench, Duhme only protects the FDIC and federally-created bridge banks from oral agreements that for some reason do not become part of the loan record (usually, oral agreements).
Obligations about timely acceleration and the disposal of collateral are implicit in every promissory note. These covenants are inferred in every such loan agreement. See International Bank, N.A. v. Morales, 736 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tex.1987); Kierstead v. City of San Antonio, 643 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex.1982). And because they are an integral element of the relationship between every borrower and lender, they cannot be said to be secret or unwritten in the D'Oench, Duhme sense. We believe the district court applied D'Oench, Duhme too rigorously, but our analysis continues because it is necessary to examine the wrongful acceleration claim and the unreasonable foreclosure sale claim separately.
A.
Appellants insist RBSB violated Texas law by accelerating the $250,000 loan without good cause,
Appellees' simple response is that RBSB did not accelerate the note; instead, the bank did not demand full payment until after the note had matured by its terms. That might well be, but they raise this issue for the first time on appeal.
Laguarta, supra, 939 F.2d at 1240. This issue is not properly before us now.
We observe, however, that even if one assumes the bank accelerated the debt's maturity, genuine issues of material fact exist. Texas law emphasizes that acceleration is a harsh remedy, and courts should carefully scrutinize the bank's good faith. See Davis v. Pletcher, 727 S.W.2d 29, 35 (Tex.Civ.App. San Antonio (4 Dist.) 1987); McGowan v. Pasol, 605 S.W.2d 728 (Tex.Civ.App. Corpus Christi 1980). Good faith is betrayed by "[c]ircumstances which tend to show that the holder has exercised his option to accelerate, not for purposes of preserving his debt or preserving the security therefor, but for the purpose of coercing the maker to pay the then balance remaining unpaid on the note...." Davis, supra, at 35-36. We cannot say from the record developed in the district court whether the bank's persistent insistence on
The condition of the $250,000 loan that required the debtor to give the bank monthly financial statements is clearly intended to allow the bank to monitor the borrower's financial well-being. TRS blames its failure to produce the financial statement at issue on a computer problem; appellants claim they explained the problem to the bank. They add that in the past RBSB had not insisted on compliance with the disclosure requirement. Two possible implications flow from the record before us. First, it could be that the bank decided to demand the financial statement, although it had not done so in the past, because of legitimate misgivings about the financial state of TRS. On the other hand, the trier of fact could also infer that the bank knew that the default was simply due to a temporary technical problem, but was nevertheless requiring strict compliance to create an excuse to accelerate.
The record is silent as to which of these interpretations is correct. Thus, although the district court correctly applied D'Oench, Duhme to the wrongful acceleration issue, the court erred in granting summary judgment on the claim that RBSB acted in bad faith in accelerating the maturity of the $250,000 note.
B.
We turn now to the foreclosure sale of the inventory. Appellants contend that the district court erred in granting summary judgment dismissing their theory that RBSB unreasonably disposed of the collateral at foreclosure. We agree and reverse the district court. Our earlier discussion in Part IV requires us to conclude that D'Oench, Duhme is not a bar to asserting the foreclosure issue. Summary resolution of this issue was also error for another reason.
We have held that "[t]he sole restraints on a seller disposing of collateral pursuant to Tex.Bus. and Comm.Code ... § 9.504 (Tex. UCC) is that the disposition be commercially reasonable and that the creditor give the debtor proper notice." Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation v. Lanier, 926 F.2d 462, 464 (5 Cir.1991) (citing Tanenbaum v. Economics Laboratory, Inc., 628 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex. 1982)). In Texas law, a debtor on a secured note has been put to the burden of proving that the foreclosure sale was unreasonable (although some Texas cases have split on this, we need not dwell on that here). See Tarrant Savings Association v. Lucky Homes, Inc., 390 S.W.2d 473, 474, 475 (Tex.1965); Sumitomo Bank of California v. Product Promotions, Inc., 717 F.2d 215, 219 (5 Cir.1983). Summary judgment was not proper on the foreclosure issue because the record reflects a material fact dispute as to the unreasonableness of the foreclosure sale. Appellees rely heavily on Lanier to convince us no fact dispute exists. We are unconvinced.
In Lanier, we broadly noted that under Texas law proof that the price realized at a foreclosure sale was less than the value the debtor could establish for the goods, even if the foreclosure price was below cost, is not alone sufficient to establish that a foreclosure sale was commercially unreasonable. See Lanier, supra, at 467 (citing
The record is clear: the market value of TRS's collateral was at least $200,000, and RBSB could have definitely disposed of a portion of the inventory for more than $80,000.
V.
We are left with incidental issues that the district court properly resolved: RBSB said it would finance Kolo's new extracting process, but didn't. RBSB promised to apply TRS receivables to finance TRS; it didn't (the receivables collected went to debt reduction). It is these promises which support appellants' claims for breach of contract, negligence, beach of fiduciary duty, promissory estoppel, misrepresentation, breach of good faith, and deceptive trade practices.
The district court correctly held that all these claims depend upon one or more oral agreements with RBSB. The district court applied D'Oench, Duhme and barred these claims. See Bowen, supra, 915 F.2d at 1015-16. Each such agreement clearly amounted to an oral promise by the bank to do something regarding credit for appellants. D'Oench, Duhme unequivocally bars enforcement of unwritten promises by failed banks to extend future credit. See Id. at 1016; Beighley, supra, 868 F.2d at 784; Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation v. Murray, 853 F.2d 1251, 1255 (5 Cir.1988).
We are not persuaded that appellants' arguments help them escape D'Oench, Duhme's bar.
A.
Their most appealing argument is that NCNB, in the Purchase and Assumption Agreement, assumed FRB Houston's obligations on appellants' lender liability claims,
Appellants stress that the P & A Agreement further specifies that NCNB assumes these liabilities "whether or not they are reflected on the books of the Failed Bank as of Bank Closing." Appellants believe that Section 2.1(k) transfers to NCNB the liability for their claims of wrongdoing against FRB Houston, and that it indicates that NCNB intended to assume the specified liabilities free of any D'Oench, Duhme defense.
But the plain language of the P & A Agreement says that NCNB did not assume liability for the claims against FRB Houston. Section 2.1(k) does not unqualifiedly transfer to NCNB all disputed claims or litigation against the insolvent bank. Rather, the agreement dictates that NCNB only assumed liability for claims certified as valid by the FDIC. FDIC never certified as valid the appellants' claims.
Section 2.1(k) permits the FDIC to pass on certain liabilities to the bridge bank if the FDIC determines that the claims are proved to its satisfaction; alternatively, the FDIC can withhold those claims that are not proved and handle them itself.
B.
Finally, appellants' last effort says it was error for the district court to reject their attempts to recover on the lender liability claims by suing for a pro rata share of the failed bank's assets under 12 U.S.C. § 194. Plaintiffs believe they have a statutory right to proceed against the assets of the failed bank.
In Campbell Leasing we reversed the district court's grant of summary judgment and we held that the debtor had the right to sue FDIC as receiver to recover on asserted claims not based on oral agreements. Id. at 1249. Campbell Leasing does not instruct us because none of the tort claims remaining at issue were based on oral agreements with the insolvent bank. Id. at 1247-49. Here, all of appellants' claims (except the wrongful acceleration and unreasonable sale at foreclosure claims) depend on breaches of oral agreements.
VI.
Accordingly, we vacate that part of the district court's judgment dismissing the appellants' claim based on RBSB's wrongful acceleration of the note and unreasonable disposition of the collateral, and we remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We affirm the district court in all other respects.
FootNotes
The case before us was filed prior to the amendment and involves the FDIC as receiver. However, we need not decide whether the change applies here. We have long held that the statutory and common law D'Oench, Duhme doctrines bar essentially the same claims and defenses; that is, they are virtually interchangeable. See Kilpatrick v. Riddle, 907 F.2d 1523, 1526 n. 4 (5 Cir.1990) (citing cases), cert. denied sub nom. Rogers v. FDIC, ___ U.S. ___, 111 S.Ct. 954, 112 L.Ed.2d 1042 (1991).
No agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the Corporation in any asset acquired by it under this section or section 1821 of this title, either as security for a loan or by purchase or as receiver of any insured depository institution, shall be valid against the Corporation unless such agreement —
Comment
User Comments