U.S. v. JOE

Nos. 90-5005, 90-5006 and 90-5022.

928 F.2d 99 (1991)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Morgan A. JOE, Sr., Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James E. BAYLOR, Jr., Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alton L. SKEETER, Defendant-Appellant.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided March 4, 1991.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Robert Dale Seabolt, Mays & Valentine, Richmond, Va., Frederick Thomas Stant, Jr., Clark & Stant, P.C., Virginia Beach, Va., argued, for defendants-appellants; Wayne Lustig, Edward E. Scher, Mays & Valentine, Richmond, Va., on brief, for defendant-appellant Joe; Stephen C. Swain, S. Geoffrey Glick, Clark & Stant, P.C., Virginia Beach, Va., on brief, for defendant-appellant Baylor; Thomas B. Shuttleworth, Judith M. Cofield, Shuttleworth, Ruloff, Giordano & Kahle, P.C., Virginia Beach, Va., on brief, for defendant-appellant Skeeter.

Robert William Wiechering, Asst. U.S. Atty., Norfolk, Va., argued, for plaintiff-appellee; Henry E. Hudson, U.S. Atty., James A. Metcalfe, Asst. U.S. Atty., Norfolk, Va., C. Patrick Hogeboom, III, Gordon Kromberg, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., on brief, for plaintiff-appellee.

Before CHAPMAN and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and STAMP, District Judge for the Northern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.


WILKINS, Circuit Judge:

Morgan A. Joe, Sr., Alton L. Skeeter, and James E. Baylor, Jr. appeal their convictions resulting primarily from their participation in a kickback scheme involving United States Navy contracts.1 The principal error assigned by defendants Joe and Skeeter is the alleged exercise by the government of its peremptory challenges in a racially discriminatory manner in violation of Batson v. Kentucky,

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