CARDAMONE, Circuit Judge:
On this appeal we consider whether appellant who passed an open competitive civil service examination, but did not receive an appointment in the grade to which he was thereby entitled, successfully proved a Title VII violation. Federal and state laws designed to eliminate the pernicious effects of the "spoils system" — a concept that U.S. Senator William L. Marcy found unobjectionable when he first coined the phrase in 1832 —...
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